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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did eating disorders first appear in the DSM?
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1980
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What eating disorder is proposed for inclusion int he DSM-5?
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Binge eating disorder
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What anorexia criteria changes are proposed for the DSM-5?
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1. removal of the phrase refusal to eat as a criterion
2. removal of amenorrhea requirement 3. increased focus on behaviours that interfere with weight gain 4. Subtypes specified for the past 3 months rather than just the current episode |
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What are the three main proposed criteria for Anorexia outlined int he DSM-5?
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1. Restriction of behaviours that promote healthy body wight
2. Intense fear of gaining weight and being fat 3. Distorted body image or sense of body shape |
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Explain the anorexia criteria "restriction of behaviours that promote health body wight".
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The person has a BMI < 18.5 and wightloss is typically achieved through dieting and purging, use of laxatives or diuretics, and excessive exercise.
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Explain an important consideration when assessing a person for anorexia under the criteria "intense fear of gaining weight or being fat".
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the fear is not reduced by weight loss
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Why is amenorrhea being removed from the DSM-5 criteria for Anorexia?
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Because there are many reasons why woman can stop having their menstrual period and the amenorrhea criteria does not validly distinguish those who meet the other three criteria for the disorder.
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What gender differences in ideal body type are found people with Anorexia?
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Woman choose a think figure as their ideal which seems to markedly differ from others ideal whereas men with eating disorders don't differ from men without an eating disorders when it comes to ideal male body type.
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What do people with Anorexia overstate and what do they tend to report accurately?
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they overstate their own body size but report their actual weight accurately
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What differences in body image are found between those who score high and those who score low on the Distorted Attitude Towards Eating Scale?
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Woman who score high on the Distorted Attitude Towards Eating Scale overstate their current size and ideally want to be very thin
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Describe the two subtypes of Anorexia.
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1. Restricting type - weight loss is achieved by severely restricting food intake
2. Eating/Purging type - in addition to restricting food intake the person also engages in binge eating and purging |
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Explain the controversy related to the Anorexia subtypes.
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A review of the subtype literature for DSM-5 concluded that the subtypes had limited predictive validity. Initial evidence showed that binge eating/purging subtype exhibited more personality disorders, impulsive behaviour, stealing, substance abuse, social withdrawal and suicide attempts than the restricting type however later research refuted these differences as two thirds of the woman with restricting type had switched to binge eating/purging type 8 years later.
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Describe the typical onset and precursor for anorexia.
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typical onset in early to mid teens after an episode of dieting an the occurrence of ta life stressor
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Explain the prevalence of anorexia.
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lifetime prevalence of less than 1%
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How much more frequent in AN in woman than men
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10 times more frequent in woman
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AN is rare but how common is it among young female adolescents
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3rd most common disease in young female adolescents
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What percentage of AN's are young female adolescents?
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90%
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What is the prognosis and death rate for AN?
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- 70% recovery which takes about 5-7 years
- Death rate between 1 to 8% |
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What percentage of AN's go into remission after 1 year and what percentage develop a chronic condition for life?
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20% of AN's go into remission after one year and 20% go on to develop a chronic condition for life
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Explain the gender differences found in co-morbidity of AN.
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Woman with AN frequently comorbid with depression, OCD, phobias, panic disorder, substance use disorder, and personality disorders.
Men with AN are frequently comorbid with mood disorder, schizophrenia, or substance use |
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What are the suicide rates in people with AN?
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5% complete suicide and 20% attempt suicide.
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What are soium and potassium essential for? and, What are the possible consequences of reduced levels of these electrolytes?
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Sodium and potassium are essential for to neural transmission. Reduced levels lead to tiredness, cardiac arrhythmias, reduced cognitive functioning and even sudden death
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What are some of the physical consequences of self starvation and use of laxatives?
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- low blood pressure
- heart rate slows - kidney and GI problems - bone density decline - dry skin - brittle nails - changed hormone levels - anemia - loss of hair from scalp - develop lanugo |
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What percentage of AN's eventually recover and how long does this usually take?
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50 - 70% and usually takes 5 - 7 years
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What are the two main changes in Bulimia criteria proposed in DSM-5?
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1. Minimum frequency of bingeing/purging to be once a week instead of twice a week
2. Removal of non-purging subtype due to the inclusion of binge eating disorder |
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What are the criteria for Bulimia as proposed by the DSM-5?
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1. Recurrent episodes of binge eating
2. Recurrent compensatory behaviours to prevent weight gain 3. Body shape and weight are extremely important for self-evaluation 4. Symptoms for at least once per week |
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Why is the frequency of bingeing and purging changing form twice a week to once a week in the DSM-5?
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because few differences were found between people who binge twice a week and those who do so less frequently
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What are compensatory behaviours used by bulimics?
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- vomiting
- laxative - excessive exercise - diuretics |
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Explain the clinical term for a binge.
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An episode of binge eating which is usually in secret and triggered by stress where in two hours a persons intakes food in more than normal amounts and has a lack of control over eating during this time
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What condition needs to be met in order to conclude that the binge episode is of clinical significance?
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Repeated episodes of binge eating at least once for week for the past 3 months
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When is the typical onset for Bulimia and what gender differences are found?
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Typical onset in late adolescence or early adulthood. 90% of people with Bulimia are are woman
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What is the prevalence of Bulimia?
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1-2% of the population
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How do the suicide rates of people with bulimia differ from the general population and people with anorexia nervosa?
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Suicide rates are higher in bulimics than the general population but significantly lower than people with Anorexia
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For each gender, what disorders are commonly comorbid in people with Bulimia?
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Woman - depression, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and conduct disorder.
Men - mood disorder or substance abuse disorder |
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In one study on substance abuse disorder and bulimia which disorder appeared first in these comorbid cases?
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bulimia
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One prospective study on bulimia and depression found what?
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that each disorder increases the risk of the other
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How is BMI calculated?
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by dividing weight in kgs over height in metres squared
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In what range does a person with bulmia's BMI fall?
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within normal ranges
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What physical side effects can occur form recurrent vomiting?
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- decline in electrolytes
- menstrual problems - tearing of tissue in stomach and throat - loss of dental enamel - swollen salivary glands |
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Explain the prognosis for people with Bulimia
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- 70-75% recover taking 5-10 years
- 28% recover after one year - 28% develop chronic condition for life - death rate is 1-2% |
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Explain the 4 criteria proposed for Binge Eating Disorder in theDSM-5.
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1. Recurrent episodes of binge eating with large food intake in 2 hours during which time the person experiences a loss of control
2. Binge eating episodes are associated with 3 or more of the key indicators for a binge 3. Binge eating occurs once per week for the past 3 months 4. No compensatory behaviour |
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List the key indicators for a binge where 3 or more are required for diagnosis of BED.
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- eating more rapidly than normal
- eating until uncomfortably full - eating large amounts when not hungry - eating alone because of embarrassment - feeling disgusted.guilty/upset afterwards - marked distress during binge eating episodes |
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What is the estimated percentage of obese people who are meet the criteria for BED?
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estimated 25%
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What is the typical BMI in people with BED and what range does this fall in?
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BMI greater than 30, which is in the obese range
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How do gender differences in BED differ from AN and BN?
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BED is more common in woman 3.5% than men 2% however the differences are not as marked as AN and BN
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BEd is linked with what sort of impairments?
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- work and social functioning
- depression - low self esteem - substance use disorders - dissatisfaction with body shape |
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What are some of the known risk factors for developing BED?
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- childhood obesity
- critical comments regarding being overweight - weight-loss attempts in childhood - low self-concept - depression - childhood physical or sexual abuse |
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BED is comorbid with what 2 other disorders?
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depression and anxiety
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BED has been found to be equally prevalent in what others populations?
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European, African, Asian, and Hispanic Americans
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What % of relatives of obese people with BED are likely to also have BED? What % of relatives of obese people without BED are likely to have BED?
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20% of relatives of people with BED also have BED.
9% of relatives of obese people have BED |
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Explain the 4 criteria proposed for Binge Eating Disorder in theDSM-5.
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1. Recurrent episodes of binge eating with large food intake in 2 hours during which time the person experiences a loss of control
2. Binge eating episodes are associated with 3 or more of the key indicators for a binge 3. Binge eating occurs once per week for the past 3 months 4. No compensatory behaviour |
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List the key indicators for a binge where 3 or more are required for diagnosis of BED.
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- eating more rapidly than normal
- eating until uncomfortably full - eating large amounts when not hungry - eating alone because of embarrassment - feeling disgusted.guilty/upset afterwards - marked distress during binge eating episodes |
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What is the estimated percentage of obese people who are meet the criteria for BED?
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estimated 25%
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What is the typical BMI in people with BED and what range does this fall in?
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BMI greater than 30, which is in the obese range
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How do gender differences in BED differ from AN and BN?
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BED is more common in woman 3.5% than men 2% however the differences are not as marked as AN and BN
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BEd is linked with what sort of impairments?
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- work and social functioning
- depression - low self esteem - substance use disorders - dissatisfaction with body shape |
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What are some of the known risk factors for developing BED?
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- childhood obesity
- critical comments regarding being overweight - weight-loss attempts in childhood - low self-concept - depression - childhood physical or sexual abuse |
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BED is comorbid with what 2 other disorders?
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depression and anxiety
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BED has been found to be equally prevalent in what others populations?
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European, African, Asian, and Hispanic Americans
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What % of relatives of obese people with BED are likely to also have BED? What % of relatives of obese people without BED are likely to have BED?
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20% of relatives of obese people with BED also have BED.
9% of relatives of obese people have BED |
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What are the physical consequences BED related to obesity? What are the physical consequences of BED independent form co-occurring obesity?
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Obesity - increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular problems, breathing problems, insomnia, and joint/muscle problems.
BED - sleep problems, anxiety, depression, IBS, and for woman early onset of menstruation |
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What is the preliminary prognosis for people with BED?
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25 to 82% recover
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What paradigms are implicated in the aetiology of eating disorders?
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genetics, neurobiology, sociocultural pressures to be thin, personality, the role of the family and the role of environmental stress
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How much more likely are first degree relatives of woman with anorexia likely to develop AN?
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10 times
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How much more likely are first degree relatives of woman with bulimia likely to develop BN?
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4 times
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relatives of people with eating disorders are more likely than average to have symptoms of eating disorders that do not what?
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meet the complete criteria for diagnosis
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What have twin studies shown in the aetiology of eating disorders?
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A higher concordance rate for MZ than DZ twins for both AN and BN
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What is the key brain center for hunger and eating?
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hypothalamus
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Which hormone released by the hypothalamus is abnormal in people with anorexia?
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cortisol
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What causes hormonal abnormalities in people with anorexia and what happens to the hormonal levels when people recover?
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hormonal levels are abnormal as a result of self starving, and seem to return to normal when the person recovers
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What happens to rats when lesions to the lateral hypothalamus and how does this differ in people with anorexia?
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The rats appear to have no hunger and become indifferent to food whereas people with anorexia continue to starve themselves despite being hungry and are interested in food
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What are endogenous opioids?
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Endogenous opioids are substances produced by the body that reduce pain sensations, enhance mood, and suppress appetite
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What are released during starvation and are hypothesised to play a role in both anorexia and bulimia? Why?
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opiods
because starvation may increase the levels of endogenous opioids resulting a positively reinforcing euphoric state |
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What is released during excessive exercise that causes a positively reinforcing euphoric state?
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opioids
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Low levels of what have been found in people with bulimia and what is still not known about this abnormality?
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endogenous opioids beta-endorphin.
It is still not known if this is low before the bulimia or as a result of the bulimia |
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In terms of eating disorders what does serotonin promote? and how might this pay a role in bingeing?
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satiety
it could be that binges of people with bulimia result from a serotonin deficit that causes them to not feel satiated when they eat |
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Low levels of which metabolite have been found in people with anorexia and what are the likely implications of this?
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serotonin metabolites
lower levels of a neurotransmitters metabolites are one indicator that the neurotransmitter activity in under active |
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What is the link between the neurotransmitter dopamine and food?
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dopamine is linked to the pleasurable aspects of food that motivate a person to obtain food and other pleasurable or rewarding things
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SSRI's are effective for treating eating disorders but not effective for who? why?
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for people with anorexia who have lost too much weight because the levels of serotonin are too low to have any effect mood state
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Why do people with anorexia who recover less well respond worse to serotonin agonists?
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because their lower weight may cause an underactive serotonin system
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What did one study suggest as the reason for people who scored higher on dietary restraint exhibiting greater dopamine activity in the dorsal striatum area of the brain during the presentation of food?
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restrained eaters are more sensitive to food cues
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What was found in woman with anorexia while looking at pictures of underweight woman but not when looking at normal or overweight woman and was not found at all in woman without anorexia?
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activation of the ventral striatum are of the brain linked to dopamine and reward
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What to cognitive behavioural theories of eating disorders focus on?
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distorted body image, fear of fat and loss of control over eating
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People with an eating disorder may have a maladaptive schemata that narrow their attention towards what?
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thoughts and images related to weight, body shape, and food
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What is known to be a precursor to developing anorexia?
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a period of weight loss or dieting
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What do cognitive behavioural theorists suggest contributes to the aetiology of eating isorders?
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1. fear of fatness reinforced through successful dieting
2. Media representations of "ideal" + being overweight + comparison of self to others = body dissatisfaction 3. troubled family/personal relationships 4. difficulty expressing emotions 5. history of bullying/being teased/ridiculed for weight leads to body dissatisfaction and eating disorder 6. History of physical or sexual abuse 7. family history of depression |
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What does a person with bulimia experience after a binge?
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feelings of disgust and fear of becoming fat build up, leading to compensatory actions such as vomiting
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Explain the vicious cycle of bulimia.
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low self-esteem and high negative affect -> dieting to feel better about self -> severely restricted food intake -> diet is broken -> binge -> compensatory behaviours to reduce fear of wight gain
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What did people with bulimia display when restrained from purging?
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increased anxiety and skin conductance when eating
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Describe the taste test experiment in the textbook regarding the restraint scale and amount of food eaten post the test.
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Participants who scored high on the restraint scale ate more than the non dieters after a fattening preload even when the preload was perceived as fattening and even when the food was relatively unpalatable
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In the experiment in the textbook what happened when restricted eaters were given false feedback indicating their weight was high?
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they responded with increases in negative emotion and increased food consumption
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What does a binge function as a means of regulating in people with Bulimia?
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negative affect
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What is thought to increase and decrease after a purge?
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negative affect levels decline and positive affect levels increase
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A study of the naturalistic course of bulimia found that the relationship between concern shape and weight and binge eating was partially mediated by what? meaning what?
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restrained eating
meaning that concerns about body shape and weight predicted restrained eating which in turn predicted and increase in binge eating |
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People with AN and BN focus attention more on what type of words or images?
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food related words or images
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High scorers of restrained eating remember food words better when they are what?
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full rather than when hungry
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Bias towards food and body image in people with eating disorders makes it harder to change what?
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thinking patterns
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In which years did playboy centrefolds become thinner? What was the BMI reading for all but one between 1985 to 1997, and what BMI did more than half have?
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1959 to 1978
All but one had a BMI less than 20 and over half had a BMI less than 18 which is considered to be underweight. |
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What differences were found in the female and male centrefolds in relation to BMI from 1973 to 1997?
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Female BMI decreased where Male BMI increased
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What paradox has been found between the cultural ideal and reality over later part of the 20th century?
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Cultural standards moved towards thinness however more people were becoming overweight
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What has happened to the prevalence of obesity since 1900?
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it has doubled
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What were the dieting rates in men and woman in 1950 compared to 1999?
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In 1950:
woman 14% & men 7% In 1999: woman 44% & men 29% |
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Finish this sentence:
Eating disorders are often preceded by periods of what? |
dieting
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What types of surgeries to combat fat are becoming more common despite their risks?
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liposuction & gastroplasty
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What is a robust predictor of the development of eating disorders in adolescent girls?
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body dissatisfaction for whatever reason including being overweight and exposed to societal norms in the media
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What was found in a review of 25 studies where woman and men were shown pictures of models?
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In woman body satisfaction decreased after viewing the pictures. however in men body satisfaction increased after viewing images of muscular men.
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What stereotypes are commonly attached to obese people? and what stereotyped beliefs were found in many health professionals who work with obese people?
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Obese people are stereotyped as less smart, lonely, shy, and greedy for the affection of others.
Obese people were viewed by some health professionals as lazy, stupid, and worthless |
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What does the term 'thinsperation" refer to?
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where female celebrities who are extremely thin are presented on web sites as providing inspiration for others to be extremely thin.
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What are websites that promote eating disorders collectively referred to as? What are three examples?
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pro-eating disorder websites
1. pro-ana 2. pro-mia 3. thinsperation |
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What did one randomised study of healthy woman who were told they were evaluating websites find?
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Woman assigned to the pro-eating website condition restricted their eating more over the following week than did the woman assigned to other websites.
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When are woman are likely to experience body shame?
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when there is a mismatch between their ideal self and the cultural (objectified) view of a woman.
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Explain how objectification theory impacts is associated with eating disorders in woman.
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Woman are viewed through a sexual lens whereas men are esteemed for their accomplishments. The prevalence of objectification in Western culture had led some woman to self-objectify. Self-objectification cause woman to feel shame about their bodies when their ideal falls short of a cultural ideal or standard. Research has shown that both self-objectification and shame are associated with eating disorders.
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What were the main findings of a 20 year longitudinal study of dieting, weight, body image & eating disorder symptoms.
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1. Woman dieted lessa nd were less concerned about weight & body image event hough they weighed more
2. Men were more concerned about the weight and were dieting more. 3. Change in life roles for woman, such as having a life partner and children, were associated with decreases in eating disorder symptoms. |
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What cross cultural differences were found in the prevalence of AN? Give one example.
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AN is prevalent across cultures but intense fear of being fat is associates with Western cultures only. One example is a disorder in Hong Kong that involves emaciation, food refusal and amenorrhea but not a fear of becoming fat.
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What differences were found between Ugandan and British attractiveness ratings of nude pictures?
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Ugandan students rated obese females as more attractive than the British students
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What changes in eating disorder prevalence have been found in Hong Kong between 1987 and 2007?
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AN and BN were twice a common in 2007 than 1987 in Hong Kong and 25% more woman in 2007 reported body dissatisfaction and fear of fat than in 1987.
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Explain the cross cultural prevalence of BN.
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BN is more common in industrialised countries and as countries develop westernised cultures the incidence of BN increases.
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What ethnic difference have been found int he USA between white, african american and hispanics woman in the prevalence of eating disorders?
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1. In 1991 AN was 8 times more prevalent in Caucasian woman than in African American woman.
2. White woman and hispanic woman have greater body dissatisfaction than African American woman 3. Unequivocal evidence that eating disorders are more prevalent in white woman |
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How does acculturation seem to impact on the prevalence of eating disorders in the USA?
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One study found that the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimia symptoms were stronger for African American and hispanic students who reported higher levels of acculturation stress.
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What do we need to consider when assessing the personality of people with AN or BN?
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The powerful effects severer food restriction can have on personalities and behaviour
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What personality characteristics have been reported by family of people iwth AN, and people with BN prior to the onset of the eating disorder in retrospective studies? and what can be the main issue with data collected from retrospective studies?
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PEople with AN were reported as having been perfectionistic, shy and compliant prior to onset, where people with BN were reported also having histrionic features, affective instability, and an outgoing social disposition.
Data from retrospective studies can be inaccurate and biased by awareness of the persons current problems |
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Perfectionism has been found to predict the onset of which disorder in young adolescent woman?
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Anorexia
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In one prospective study 2,000 students in Minneapolis over 3 years what 3 characteristics were found to predict the onset of an eating disorder?
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1. body dissatisfaction
2. poor interoceptive awareness 3. a propensity to experience negative emotions |
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What is interoceptive awareness?
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the extent to which people can distinguish different biological states of their bodies
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Explain how perfectionism is multifaceted and which types generally score higher in people with anorexia.
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Perfectionism may be self-oriented (setting high standards for oneself), other-oriented (setting high standards for others), or socially-oriented (trying to confirm to the high standards set by others).
People with Anorexia score higher of self and other -oriented perfectionism than people without anorexia. |
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Mothers of girls with anorexia score higher on what personality trait than mothers of girls without anorexia?
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perfectionism
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Explain the circular nature of family characteristics and eating disorders.
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Family characteristics may contribute to the risk for developing an eating disorder, however eating disorders also likely have an impact on family functioning.
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What is the main problem with trying to understand family discord and eating disorders?
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The studies rely on self report measures and it's difficult to ascertain whether family discord is a contributory factor or consequence of the eating disorder
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What are the links between childhood abuse and eating disorders? What should future research between this link be focused on?
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People who have experienced abuse are at an increased risk of developing an eating disorder.
Future research should focus on the broad range of abusive experiences. |
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Explain the use of medications to treat bulimia in terms of the drug, the effects, and the drawbacks.
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1. SSRI's such fluoxetine are used.
2. Fluoxetine has been found to to reduce binge eating and purging, depression and also lessen distorted attitudes towards food and eating in people with Bulimia. 3. Major drawback is that 1/3 of woman drop out of treatment primarily because of the side effects of the drug, and many relapse when the medication is withdrawn. |
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Explain the effectiveness of medications to treat anorexia.
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Medications are not effective in improving weight and other core features of anorexia. This may be because when weight loss is too severe there the SSRI's have little effect on the severely low reuptake of serotonin.
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What is the common name for fluoxetine?
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Prozac
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What is meant by the two-tiered process of treating anorexia?
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1. The first goal is to help the person gain weight in order to avoid medical complications and the possibility of death, this usually involves hospitalisation. 2. The second goal is long term maintenance of weight gain which usually involves operant conditioning and CBT.
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What results were found in a study using combined hospitalisation and CBT to treat people with anorexia?
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reductions in many anorexia symptoms that persisted up to one year after treatment.
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What is the principle form of psychological treatment in people with anorexia?
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Family therapy
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What are the three goals of lunch meeting used in family therapy to trat anorexia and what is an example of a strategy parents can use during this time to encourage the child to eat?
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The three goals of a lunch meeting are:
1. Changing the patient role of the person with anorexia 2.Redefining the eating problems as an interpersonal problem 3. Preventing the parents from using their child's anorexias a means of avoiding conflict. An example is each parent individually forces the child to eat, which inevitably fails. This results in a parental collaboration in which the child's eating produces parental cooperation and effectiveness rather than conflict. |
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What is family-based-therapy and what initial findings support its long term effectiveness?
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FBT is focussed on helping parents work on restorng their daughter to a healthy weight while at the same time building up family functioning in the context of adolescent development. Initial findings show that while FBT and individual therapy have similiar outcomes at the end of 24 sessions, 49% of girls receiving FBT were in full remission 1 year after treatment compared to 23% of girls who have individual therapy only.
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What is the gold standard in treatment for people with bulimia?
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CBT
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What is goal of treatment in people with bulimia?
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to develop normal eating patterns
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What types of cognitions and behaviours are the focus of CBT in people with bulimia?
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cognitions - challenge perceptions of thin, black and white thinking, and irrational beliefs
behaviours - being taught assertiveness skills to help cope with unreasonable demands placed on them by others. |
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Which treatment has been found more effective in treating people with bulimia, medication or CBT? and what is the effectiveness?
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CBT has been found superior to medication for treatment of people with bulimia at the 1, 6 and 10 year follow up with purging found to reduce by 70 to 90%, however there are large individual differences.
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What is ERP and how is it used to treat people with bulimia?
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ERP is Exposure and Ritual Therapy. Is it used in addition to CBT to enhance the outcomes. It involves discouraging the person to purge after eating foods that usually elicit an urge to vomit. ERP+ CBT has produced similar outcomes as CBT alone in the long term.
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How does IPT fair in comparison to CBT in the treatment of people with bulimia?
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Interpersonal Therapy did not produce results as quickly as CBT but was equivalent to CBT in the one year follow up effecting change across the four aspects of bulimia: binge eating, purging, dietary constraint, and maladaptive attitudes towards body shape and weight.
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Explain the effectiveness of family therapy in the treatment of bulimia.
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Family therapy has been studied less than CBT and IPT in the treatment of bulimia. Studies have initailly shown that FBT was superior to supportive psychotherapy for adolescents with bulimia in reducing bingeing and purging 6 months after treatment was completed.
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What is the main drawback in the evidence for treatment of binge eating disorder?
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It is new to the DSM and there is not as much evidence as there is for AN and BN
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What three treatments are superior to behavioural weight loss programs in the treatment of BED?
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CBT, IPT and fluoxetine
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What does CBT for BED target?
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binges as well as restrained eating by emphasising self-control, and problem solving in regards to eating.
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What are three types of interventions that have been developed and implemented for preventing the onset of eating disorders? Explain each.
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1. Psychoeducational approaches: educating children about eating disorders in order to prevent them developing the symptoms
2. Deemphasising sociocultural influences: focussed on helping children and adolescents resist or reject sociocultural pressures to be thin. 3. Risk factor approach: identifying those at risk such as those with weight and body-image concerns and dietary restraint and intervening to alter these factors. |
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What characteristics of a preventative intervention program for the onset of eating disorders have shown to increase the effectiveness of the program?
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programs that are interactive rather than didactic,"", include adolescents 15 years or older, include girls only, and involve multiple session rather than just one session
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Are people with anorexia or bulimia more amenable to intervention and treatment?
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bulimia
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What are three types of interventions that have been developed and implemented for preventing the onset of eating disorders? Explain each.
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1. Psychoeducational approaches: educating children about eating disorders in order to prevent them developing the symptoms
2. Deemphasising sociocultural influences: focussed on helping children and adolescents resist or reject sociocultural pressures to be thin. 3. Risk factor approach: identifying those at risk such as those with weight and body-image concerns and dietary restraint and intervening to alter these factors. |
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What characteristics of a preventative intervention program for the onset of eating disorders have shown to increase the effectiveness of the program?
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programs that are interactive rather than didactic,"", include adolescents 15 years or older, include girls only, and involve multiple session rather than just one session
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Are people with anorexia or bulimia more amenable to intervention and treatment?
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bulimia
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