Eating And Eating Disorders

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hedonic foods

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-high in fat/sugar, pleasant foods
-act on reward pathway (affect on dopamine)
-increase incentive salience

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incentive salience

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associated with higher motivation,rewarding more pleasnt to you

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feeding behaviour controlled by

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homeostasis

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orexigneic peptide

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increase motivation to eat ex)ghrelin

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anorexigenic peptide

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decrease motivation to eat ex)leptin,insulin

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ghrelin made in___,increases___.

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-made in stomach cells/hypothalamic arcuate nucleus
-increase feeling of hunger

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ghrelin from stomach travel in blood to brain to affect food intake. What does it do in arc nucleus. Also explain it activating mesolimbic cholinergic dopamine reward link

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-stimulates secretion of GH from ant pituitary
-that circuit talks the hedonic and reinforces natural rewards like food

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ghrelin found to have physiological role for regulation food intake, its effective in mediating

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if engage in feeding behaviour or not

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Ghrelin peak in blood around____ and fall___
show ___rhythm that is in phase with___
The rise and fall supports hypothesis that ghrelin plays role in

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meal onset,hour after eating,diurnal,leptin,meal initiation/satiety/hunger

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prader willi syndrome

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-genetic
-mild growth retardation
-hyperphagia
-obese
-ghrelin high

Front 11

leptin

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-made in fat tissue
-adipokine hormone
-higher level in larger people and after meal

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leptin action

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-active transport bring leptin across BBB
-bind to receptor in hypo-->inhibit eating and send satiety signal
ie homeostatic function (so why do we overeat/get fat--> hedonic competing)

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weight loss-->leptin falls-->
weight gain-->leptin level increase-->

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-food intake increase, temp decrease, energy wasted decrease, reproduction decrease, parasympathetic increase
-food intake down,energy wasted up, sympathetic increase

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leptin levels proportional to___ and high when ___stored.high levels of leptin=

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body fat, fat,long term satiety

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ob:mutation in leptin gene, db:leptin receptor mutation gene, leptin treatment of ob/ob cause

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weight loss

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leptin gene in humans found on chromosome

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7

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humans also have ob and db very rare treated with

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leptin injections

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leptin cant cross BBB by itself need help therefore obesity may be result of

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malfunction in transfer mechanism

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obese people have higher levels of____which is not absorbed into CNS

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leptin

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can aging contribute to leptin resistance

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yes

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study involving rats that stressed (maybe similar in people) that they

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crave high fat food to reduce anxiety, may explain obesity epidemic

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chronic release of___and___drive stressed people to eat more pleasurable food-->weight gain

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gluc,CRH

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ghrelin prevents some of effects of chronic stress to function socially

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true

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ghrelin independent from hedonic also has effect on

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mood

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summary:
-both___and___important for regulating food intake via anorexigenic and orexigenic factors
-ghrelin orexigenic hormone made by (2)
-leptin anorexigneic, made by __cells; dysregulation lead to___,obese people may have__resistance
-insulin is__hormone made by pancreas regulate long term pattern of ___
-feeding complex, regulated by many_____

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-hedonic feeding,homeostasis
-stomach,arc nucleus
-fat,obesity,leptin
-anorexigenic,food intake
-hormones

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anorexia nervosa (4)

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-fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
-amenorrhea
-refusal to maintain normal body weight
-disturbance in way ones body weight/shape experienced

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anorexia is in DSM-IV only psychiatric disorder requiring

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endocrine dysfunction criteria for diagnosis (menstrual abnormality)

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anorexia effects .9% women .3%men
bulimia affects 1.5%women and .5%men

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true

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gay and bisexual men _____ likely to suffer from eating disorders than; Gay and bisexual women ___likely to suffer from eating disorders than

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-more,straight men
-less,straight women

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in terms of AN/BN theres gender differences, women develop them after puberty men later in adulthood. Women experience them more,men couple them with lots of exercise . What plays role in differences (3)

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-hormones,environment,both

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experiment done where they wanted to test if gonadal hormones: ie increase prenatal test lead to decrease AN/BN, and if estrogen increase at puberty lead to increase in AN/BN. They tested these by looking at finger length ratio (lower ratio=high prenatal androgen) and estradiol levels in saliva. What were results and conclusion and limitation

Back 31

result=positive association between disorder eating and finger length ratio and saliva levels of estradiols
conclusion=low prenatal test exposure and high adult estrogen level associated with AN/BN. estrogen may activate genes contributing to disorder eating effects blocked by test maybe. may explain gender difference
limitation=didnt look at circ test

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women with bulimia have also been seen to have high levels of__and low of _____ therefore ___implicated in binge eating

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test,estrogen, high test

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people say it may not be hormonal because we see differences noticed in

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sexual orientation