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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Big Bang was _____ years ago? |
13.7 Billion |
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From 4.6 - 4.5 billion years ago |
Nebula becomes sun and planetesimals Earth Accreates Giant impact, (moon made here) |
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Differentiation of earth |
Molten earth forms
Core starts to form
Layers form |
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Crust and Mantle are silica Rich OR Poor? |
Crust = Rich Mantle = Poor |
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Formation of continental crust _____ years |
2.5 Billion |
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Continental crust is apporx _____ thick |
40 km (<70) |
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Continental crust and Oceanic crust are High or Low Density? |
Cont = low (granite) Ocean = high (basalts) |
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Lithosphere includes the ___________ |
Crust and upper mantle |
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Lithosphere is _____ thick |
100-300km |
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Lithosphere and Plastic asthenosphere are Rigid OR Weak |
L = Rigid PA = Weak |
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Plastic Asthenosphere is comprised of _________ |
lower mantle |
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What are Felsic rocks? |
Felsic = "full-of-silica" = actually short for feldspar silica
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What are mafic rocks? |
not felsic = poor in silica instead relatively rich in MAgnesiium and iron (Fe) MAF |
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What are ultra mafic rocks? |
very poor in silica very rich in MAgnesium and iron (Fe) |
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What is the composition of the earth? |
Fe, O, Si, Mg, Ni, S, Ca, Al
Five Ostriches Sit Majestically Near Six Cancerous Ants
35,30,15,13 others less than 2.5 |
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Composition of crust? |
O, Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Other
Ostriches Sit Along Fences Making Crazy Killer Noises.
46, 28, 8, 6, 4 |
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Two theories of istocacy |
Pratt - "Flat" thick light cont.cr. floats higher than thin dense o.cr.
Airy - "floats" thick continental crust rises higher than thin crust |
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First Humans and Homo Sapiens appeared when |
4Ma and 200 000 |
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Definition of a mineral (4 parts) |
-N aturally occuring -C rystalline solid -N arrowly defined chemical composition -C haracteric physical properties |
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Mineral types |
Silicates Elements Oxides Halides Carbonates Sulfates Sulfides
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Common silicates (7) |
-A mphibole -P lagioclase -P yroxene -O livine -Q uartz -A lkali Feldspar -M ica |
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Crystal Habits |
all orthogonal axes -cubic -tetragonal -orthorhombic 2 orthogonal -Monoclinic none ortho -Triclinic Hexagonal/Trigonal |
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Common elements |
Gold Silver Copper Sulfur |
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Common Oxides (3) |
Hematite - red/brown streak Magnetite - Magnetic Limonite |
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Common Halides (3) |
very crystal looking, translucent Halite - Salt Sylvite - reddish Fluorite - blue purple green |
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Common Carbonites (2) |
Calcite Dolomite |
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Common Sulfates |
Gypsum - clear Barite - |
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Common Sulfides |
Galena - shiny heavy cubes Pyrite - Shiny ChalcoPyrite - pyrite plus copper |
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Mohs Hardness scale |
"The Geologist Can Find An Ordinary Quartz Tourists Call Diamond" 1 Talc 2 Gypsum 3 Calcite 4 Fluorite 5 Apatite 6 Orthoclase 7 Quartz 8 Topaz 9 Corundum 10 Diamond |
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difference in pyroxene and hornblende |
cleaveage planes pyroXene - the x indicates the orthoganal hornblende - 60 120 |
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Economic minerals |
Minerals that are useful or can be turned into something useful of of value -iron -Unranium |
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Carbon Cycle, Atmosphere |
source: CO2 and methane exits: Photosynthesis, dissolving into oceans and rainwater, air-sea gas exchange, enters: Burning of fossil fuels, repiration, air-sea gas exchange, volcano
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Carbon Cycle, Land |
Source: Carbon in soil, organisms, fossil fuels Exits: organism & soil respiration, burning of fossil fuels, exported into oceans from rivers, rock weathering Enters: photosynthesis, dying organisms, |
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Carbon Cycle, Ocean |
Source:dissolved organic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon Exits: air-sea carbon exchange Enter: air-sea carbon exchange, rock weathering |
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Sources of Energy |
Coal Oil and Gas Nuclear Power Renewable energy sources, solar wind water etc |
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Rock Definition and types |
agregates of minerals 3 types Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic |
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Types of Igneous rocks |
Extrusive -Fine grained (cookie), rapidly cooled at suface (outside, 'ex')
Intrusive -Coarse grained, slowly cooled, inside (IN) |
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Common minerals of Igneous rocks |
Quartz** Feldspar** Mica* Pyroxene* Amphibole Olivine Magnetite
**common with all *common with metamorphic |
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Common minerals of Metamorphic rocks |
Quartz** Feldspar** Mica* Pyroxene* Garnet Staurolite Kyanite
**Common in all *Common with metamorphic |
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Common minerals of Sedimentary rocks |
Quartz** Feldspar** Clay minerals Calcite Dolomite Gypsum Halite |
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Sedimentary process |
Uplift Weathering Transport Deposition Lithification |
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Metamorphic process |
Mineralogical and textural changes due to Pressure and Temperature |
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Igneous Process |
Fromed from volcanoes, magma |
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The Rock Cycle |
Main circle Igneous rocks become sedimentary rocks become metamorphic rocks melt and become igneous rocks
Branches Igneous can also go to metamorphic All rocks can go through sedimentary process
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Igneous textures |
Phaneritic (phaner = visible) (trail mix) Aphanitic (a = not, phaner = visible) (Plain cookie) Porphyritic (choc chip cookie) |
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Magma chemical composition of ultra mafic and Felsic |
Ultra Mafic <45%wt SiO2 >11%wt FeO >9%wt MgO
Felsic >65% SiO2 <4% FeO <2% MgO |
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Partial meltic |
Felsic minerals melt at lower T first |
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Eutectic melting |
Combination of minerals have a lower melting point than any of them individually -eg salt water |
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Bowen's Reaction series |
Discontinous "OPAB" -Olivine -Pyroxene -Amphibole -Biotite Mica
Continous -Calcium to Sodium Feldspar (alphabetical feldspar)
Bottom 3 -K-Feldspar (remaining feldspar) -Muscovit Mica (other Mica) -Quartz (it's everywhere, makes sense to be at end) |
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What's a Pluton and some types |
body if intrusive igneous rock -batholith - SA > 100km^2 (sounds like a big dinosaur) -dikes - vertical branch -sill, horz, like window sill
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Lava flow speed |
(silica = speed)
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Phreatic eruption |
magma exploding on contact with water -'ph' weird pronouncing Weird = Water |
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Caldera |
Crater formed by eruption -'C' aldera = 'C' rater |
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Volcano types |
Composite/Stato -layers of lava and cinder -steep
Cinder cone -Big cone, made of cinder (duh) -very steep but with crater
Shield -lava flows -shallow slope -'S'hield = 'S'hallow
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Volcanic Hazards |
Lahars Tsunamis Pyroclastic flows Earthquakes Lava flows Lava bomb (rocks) |
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Uplift |
-Weathering on top of rock -lighter therefore rises/is pushed up |
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Types of weathering |
Physical Chemical |
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Types of physical weathering |
-Ice (glaciers) -Water (rivers) -Wind -Mass wasting (landslides) -Organic processes (roots etc) |
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Valleys left by glaciers vs rives |
Glacier = U shaped Rivers = V shaped |
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Wind deflation |
blows away loose sand, left with bigger rocks |
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Types of mass wasting |
-Slumps - like going down a slide -Rockslide - slides straight down level slope -Rock falls - overhanging rock falls -Earth flows - small patch of earth slides a little bit forward -Creep, ground slowly drifting (often downhill)
Slumps, Slides, Falls, Flows and Creep |
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Chemical Erosion |
-usually involves acid water -Silicates become clays -Carbonates dissolved (like carbonation in a soft drink)
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Weathering order |
Opposite of bowen |
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Soil formation |
-chemical breakdown of rocks -leaching removes soluble componenets |
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Soil groups?? |
Three different climates Tropical Desert Moderate
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Glacial Budget |
Glaciel increas from snow and stuff vs decrease via melting |
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Glacial deposits |
MEKKED
-Moraines -from the terminus/end of glacier or side or center line, big long line - (sounds like "lanes" -Eskers deposits from glacial tunnel rivers -Kames - piles from depression in ice surface - kind of "lame" just a little pile -Drumlins - deposits reshaped like plane wings because of ice - drumlins drawn out -Glacial erratics - big boulders dropped randomly -Kettles Buried ice later melts, leaves a hole, big thing of water, like a tea kettle
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Ice Ages |
-every 100 0.00 years - should be another one "soon" |
