Earth's Interior

Front 1

Earth is composed up of several layers based on _______ and _______ ________.

Back 1

Composition

Physical properties

Front 2

Earth's Compositional Layers

Back 2

Crust

Mantle

Core

Front 3

Earth's Physical Property Layers

Back 3

Lithosphere

Asthenosphere

Lower mantle

Outer core

Inner core

Front 4

Lithosphere

Back 4

Rigid

100-250 km thick

Includes crust + uppermost solid mantle

Front 5

Asthenosphere

Back 5

Weak due to high temperature

Front 6

Lower mantle

Back 6

Strong

Rigid due to high pressure

Front 7

Outer Core

Back 7

Liquid

Iron and Nickel

Front 8

Inner Core

Back 8

Solid

Iron and Nickel

Front 9

S waves travel only through _____?

Solids / liquids / gases

Back 9

Solids

Front 10

P waves travel _______ than S waves?

Faster / slower

Back 10

Faster

Front 11

Seismic wave velocities depends on the _______ properties

(I.e. density, elasticity..)

Back 11

Material

Front 12

The velocity of seismic waves generally ______ with depth for a given layer.

Decreases / increases

Back 12

Increases

Front 13

When seismic waves pass from one material to another they both __________ and ___________.

Back 13

Refracted (bent)

Reflected

Front 14

Seismic refraction

Back 14

The bending of waves as their velocity changes

Front 15

Refracted waves will bend

Back 15

Upward

Front 16

Which model is more earth-like?

(I.e. will waves typically bend up or down?)

Back 16

Model A

Velocity of seismic waves increases with depth

Refracted waves will bend upward

Front 17

The MoHo (mohorovicic discontinuity)

At ~_____ km there is abrupt increase in wave speed.

Back 17

~50 km

Front 18

MoHo Is the boundary between ________ and _______.

It seperates rocks above and below with very different ________ _________.

Back 18

Crust

Mantle

Seismic Velocities

Front 19

P wave shadow zone

Back 19

P

Front 20

S wave shadow zone

Back 20

S wave shadow zone

Front 21

Core mantle boundary

Back 21

2900 km

Front 22

Inner core-

Some p waves are _________ _________ as they pass through the inner portions of the core.

Back 22

Strongly refracted

Front 23

Velocity changes in the mantle are due to _____ ______ related to increases in pressure.

Back 23

Phase changes

Front 24

Olivine to spinel

Back 24

~440 km

Front 25

Spinel to perovskite

Back 25

~660 km

Front 26

Geothermal heat sources

Back 26

- heat emitted by radio active decay

- iron crystallization

- colliding particles

Front 27

Heat is transported in earth by two mechanisms

Back 27

Conduction and convection

Front 28

What mechanism do different layers in the Earth transport heat by?

Crust -

Mantle-

Back 28

Crust - dominated by conduction

Mantle- convention heat rises, cool sink

Front 29

Convection in the outer core is what creates the ______ ______

Back 29

Magnetic field