Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Cryosphere |
Ice layer of Earth. 2% of Earth's fresh water. |
|
|
El Nino |
Low P, Warm & Wet from Asia to Peru. / High P, Cold & Dry from Peru to Asia. |
|
|
El Nina |
High P, Cold & Dry from Asia to Peru. / Low P, Warm & Wet from Peru to Asia. |
|
|
Continental Ice |
All ice frozen on land. Adds to Sea Level. |
|
|
Sea Ice |
Just frozen seawater. Doesn't add to Sea Level. |
|
|
Thermal Expansion |
Water gets warmer and expands with heat. |
|
|
Why is ice Less Dense than water? |
Because it expanded when it froze. |
|
|
What Degree of water is most dense? Why? |
o Water Principle: 39 F ( Overturn of Warm and Cool water ) |
|
|
3 Main Classifications of Life |
Viruses, Prokaryotes (bacteria), Eurkaryotes (multi-cell organisms) |
|
|
Heterotropic Organisms |
Take organic matter and further break it down. |
|
|
Autotropic Organisms |
Takes inorganic Carbon and turns it into organic matter (Photosynthesis) |
|
|
Photosynthesis |
CO2 + H2O + Light = Sugar + O2 |
|
|
Respiration |
Sugar + O2 + Light = CO2 + H2O |
|
|
Primary Producers & where on pyramid |
Photoautotrophs & Decomposers, BOTTOM |
|
|
Primary Consumers & where on pyramid |
Herbavores, MIDDLE |
|
|
Secondary Consumers & where on pyramid |
Predators, TOP |
|
|
What's our Extinction Event currently and what number is it? |
Holocene Era, 6th Mass Extinction Event
|
|
|
What animals dominated the Permian Era? and How long ago was it? |
Reptiles. No mammals existed yet. 250 M.Y.A. |
|
|
How did the Permian Era end? |
Volcanoes spewed CO2 & other toxic gas, increased global temp, O2 decreases in ocean, Anaerobic bacteria prosper =-> Hydrogen sulfideToxic gas killed everything. -Found in Dirt layer from Era. |
|
|
Photosynthesis chemical process is:
|
[ CO2 + H2O + LIGHT ] = [ Sugar + O2 ]
|
|
|
Cellular Respiration chemical process is:
|
[ Sugar + O2 + Light ] = [CO2 + H2O]
|
|
|
How long ago was the last Ice Age?
|
10,000 years ago
|
|
|
How long ago was the Permian Era?
|
250 M.Y.A.
|
|
|
How many extinction events have taken place including the one we're in now?
|
6 - Anthropocene or Holocene Era
|
|
|
What is short term carbon cycling?
|
Keeling Curve is example: process is Spring plants bloom take in CO2 / Winter plants drop leaves and give off CO2. 2 parts per million CO2 Increase every year aside from plants' cycle. |
|
|
What is medium term carbon cycling?
|
Fossil Fuels in their forms: COAL, OIL and NATURAL GAS. |
|
|
What is Coal
|
Coal is fossilized terrestrial, AKA continental plants. (Most made in carboniferous period 360 M.Y.A.) |
|
|
What is OIL?
|
MARINE PLANTS buried under material, takes many MYA. Marine plants squishy = oil liquid. Squishy makes process faster. |
|
|
What is NATURAL GAS?
|
ALSO MARINE PLANTS, but more thorough break-down, takes longer. Sits on top of oil bc density.
|
|
|
What is LONG TERM Carbon Cycling?
|
Volcanism in process.
|
|
|
What's the 1 step of Long Term Carbon Cycling?
|
1. Chemical weathering of sedimentary rock breaks down Carbon from rocks, rocks make way to ocean to "die."
|
|
|
What's the 2 step of Long Term Carbon Cycling?
|
Creatures absorb rock's carbon, die, degrade, buried through subduction. Then burned in mantle. Mantle makes carbon magma, the carbon magma goes to a volcano's or Hot Spring's well. |
|
|
What's the 3 step of Long Term Carbon Cycling?
|
Volcanoes/Hot Springs emit CO2 again. CO2 Recombines with environment and plants, CYCLE restarts through COMPACTION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. |
|
|
What's the role of the SULFUR CYCLE and What AEROSOL is the result of all 3 FORMS? S..... aerosol (hint) |
REFLECT SUNLIGHT (UV RAYS) > Cools Atmosphere & SO4 (SULFATE AEROSOL) |
|
|
1. FIRST FROM OF SULFUR CYCLE ? |
1. DMS (DIMETHYL SULFIDE)- Ocean based algae produces it. DMS Floats up as SULFATE AEROSOL=(SO4) (result) -SO4 COLLECTS in JUNGE LAYER which is ABOVE the STRATOSPHERE. Where it condenses with collection to reflect. |
|
|
2. SECOND FORM OF SULFUR CYCLE? |
2. OCS (CARBONYL SULFIDE) - Product of Ocean Water. Rises from Ocean, Changes to SO4 (Sulfate Aerosol), condenses in Junge Layer. |
|
|
What is the JUNGE LAYER?
|
The layer right UNDER the OZONE layer, and ABOVE STRATOPSHERE where SO4 collects and helps reflect UV rays.
|
|
|
3. THIRD FORM of SULFUR CYCLE?
|
SO2 (SULFUR DIOXIDE) - created by Volcanoes and Hot Springs, sends SO4, condenses in Junge Layer.
|
|
|
Why does the World Population continue to grow when the Growth Rate goes down?
|
Because there's SO MANY young people producing.
|
|
|
Developing countries populations are? (Size & Age)
|
Large & young, TRIANGLE SHAPE
|
|
|
Developed countries populations are? (size and age)
|
Varied, even, RECTANGLE SHAPE
|
|
|
Exponential Growth on a curve would be called a?
|
J - CURVE |
|
|
1. First stage of HISTORICAL PATTERN OF GROWTH?
|
1. High Birth & High Death RATES = Stable Population
|
|
|
2. HISTORICAL PATTERN OF GROWTH?
|
2. High Birth & Low Death RATES = Rising/EXPLODING Population
|
|
|
3. HISTORICAL PATTERN OF GROWTH?
|
Low-er Birth & Low-er Death RATES = DECLINING Population
|
|
|
4. HISTORICAL PATTERN OF GROWTH?
|
LOW Birth & LOW Death Rate = STABLE or EVENING OUT Population
|
|
|
Low-er Birth & Low-er Death RATES = (3)
|
Declining Population (3)
|
|
|
LOW Birth & LOW Death Rate = (4)
|
Stable / Evening Population (4)
|
|
|
High Birth & Low Death RATES = (2)
|
Rising / EXPLODING Population (2)
|
|
|
High Birth & High Death RATES (1)
|
Stable Population (1)
|
|
|
Do Developing countries use more Renewable Energy or Non-Renewable Energy?
|
Renewable Energies
|
|
|
Do Developed countries use more Renewable Energy or Non-Renewable Energy?
|
Non-Renewable Energy (unfortunately, we are more advanced technologically)
|
|
|
When COAL burns it releases? Other bad effects? TIME LEFT? |
CO2 + SO2 + Particulates (lung problems), causes chemical runoff if leeched 250-500 yrs left |
|
|
WHEN OIL BURNS? OTHER BAD EFFECTS? TIME LEFT? |
CO2. WHEN DRILLED - OIL SPILLS 40-80 YRS LEFT |
|
|
WHEN NATURAL GAS BURNS? OTHER BAD EFFECTS? TIME LEFT? |
CO2. Half amnt Coal. FRACKING - RELEASES METHANE INTO GROUNDWATER + USES LOTS OF WATER. |
|
|
SOLAR + / -
|
+ unlimited +passive solar heating BUILDINGS +multiple design options: panels, mirrors, sand +NO OPERATION POLLUTION . - photovoltaic cells 15-20% efficiency - Heavy metals involved in production |
|
|
WIND + / -
|
+UNLIMITED +NO POLLUTION +LOTS OF OPPORTUNITY LAND . - OLDER MODELS DISRUPTED BIRD FLIGHT - UNRELIABLE WHEN NO WIND |
|
|
GEOTHERMAL
|
+40 MILL. TIMES energy in World's OIL & GAS reserves +No pollution (steam generated power plants) . - Small, specific areas of earth are usable for it. (plate margins or hot spots) |
|
|
HYDROPOWER
|
+ LOWEST ELECTRICITY COST + NO POLLUTION . - BLOCKS FISH migration - DISPLACES PEOPLE (lakes form & flood) - DISRUPTS ecosystes (chinook salmon pop decrease Klamath) |
|
|
WAVE TECHNOLOGY
|
+NO POLLUTION OPERATING +LARGE AREA OPPORTUNITY . - COULD DISRUPT ECOSYSTEM - COULD BLOCK FISH & OTHER OCEANLIFE - COULD DETER PEOPLE |
|
|
BIOMASS (WOOD FOR HEATING)
|
+RENEWABLE IF SUSTAINABLE . ..... - POLLUTION - RELEASES CO2 - 1/2 WORLD POP. DEPENDS ON IT FOR HEAT, MAINLY THIRD WORLD |
|
|
DEFORESTATION EFFECTS HYDROLOGIC CYCLE HOW?
|
EVAPORATION - LESS COVERAGE, MORE EVAPORATION
|
|
|
DEFORESTATION EFFECTS HYDROLOGIC CYCLE HOW?
|
TRANSPIRATION - NO TREES, LESS TRANSPIRATION
|
|
|
DEFORESTATION EFFECTS HYDROLOGIC CYCLE HOW?
|
RUNOFF - NO ROOTS, NO STRUCTURE, MORE RUNOFF
|
|
|
DEFORESTATION EFFECTS HYDROLOGIC CYCLE HOW?
|
INFILTRATION - NO ROOTS TO ABSORB, LESS INFILTRATION TO TAKE PLACE
|
|
|
DEFORESTATION EFFECTS HYDROLOGIC CYCLE HOW?
|
PRECIPITATION - OVERALL DECREASE FROM LACK OF CYCLING, EVENTUAL DESERTIFICATION |
|
|
6 ROLES OF FORESTS IN PLANETARY ASPECT:
|
1. BALANCE CARBON CYCLE 2. BALANCE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 3. PROVIDE OXYGEN FOR MOST EUKARYOTES 4. ANIMAL HABITATS 5. FOOD & MEDICINE RESOURCES 6. REGULATE TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY |
|
|
DEFORESTATION DESTROYS:
|
1. CARBON CYCLE 2. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 3. OXYGEN SUPPLY 4. ANIMAL HABITATS 5. TEMPERATURE REGULATION 6. FOOD & MEDICINE RESOURCES |
|
|
again, topics..... HYDROLOGIC CYCLE IN FORESTS CONCERNS: |
1. PRECIPITATION 2. INFILTRATION 3. TRANSPIRATION 4. RUNOFF 5. EVAPORATION |
|
|
TOP 5 REASONS FOR DEFORESTATION:
|
1. CATTLE PRODUCTION 2. AGRICULTURE 3. DEMAND FOR LUMBER, ETC. 4. CLEARING FOR URBAN EXPANSION 5. MINING TO PAY OFF DEBTS |
|
|
ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES OF CO2:
|
70% - FOSSIL FUESL30% - DEFORESTATION
|
