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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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shearing
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stress that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite, horizontal directions
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deformation
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any change in the volume or shape of Earth's crust
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stress
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a force that acts on rock to change its volume or shape; adds energy to rock |
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footwall
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the block below the fault that lies below the other part
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fault-block mountain
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forms when the land between two normal faults may be uplifted
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anticline
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a fold in rock that bends upward into an arch
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plateau
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a large area of flat land elevated high above sea level
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aftershock
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can cause damage days or months after a large earthquake
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tsunami
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a giant wave created by an earthquake
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base-isolated building
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a building designed to reduce the amount of energy that reaches the building during an earthquake; buildings need to be more FLEXIBLE so they can twist and bend without breaking
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drop, cover, and hold
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best way to protect yourself in an earthquake
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focus
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the point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and triggers an earthquake
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seismic waves
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vibrations that move through the ground carrying the energy away from the focus released during an earthquake;
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Mercalli Scale
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rates earthquakes by describing how much damage was done to people, homes, and buildings
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seismograph
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records the ground movements caused by seismic waves
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moment magnitude scale
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the rating system that estimates the total energy released by an earthquake
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hanging wall
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block of rock that lies above a fault
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syncline
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layers of rock that bend and produce a downward fold
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tension
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the stress force that pulls on the crust where two plates are moving apart
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liquefaction
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the process in which the violent shaking of an earthquake turns soft soil into liquid mud
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Richter scale
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accurately rates the size of seismic waves; once only for small, nearby earthquakes
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strike-slip fault
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rocks on either side of the fault slide past each other sideways; caused by shearing
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normal fault
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hanging wall moves down as it lies above the fault while the other block lies below it; caused by tension
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reverse fault
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hanging wall slides upward past the footwall; caused by compression
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divergent plate boundary |
where volcanoes form along mid-ocean ridge; magma from the mantle erupts as lava through the cracks |
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magma |
what is lava called before it reaches the surface |
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volcanic belts |
form along the boundaries of Earth's plates |
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hotspots |
the place where volcanoes can form in the middle of a plate, far from plate boundaries; Yellow Stone National Park and the Hawaiian Islands are examples |
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island arc |
when two oceanic plates converge they can form these string of volcanoes |
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Ring of Fire |
a major volcanic belt that circles the Pacific Ocean |
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converging plate boundary |
where mountains are formed by volcanoes along a coastline; the oceanic plates subducts and forms magma...which rises toward the surface and erupts as lava; examples would be along the pacific Northwest of US...like Washington, Oregon, and northern California |
