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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is Stress?

a force that acts on rock and causes changes in the rocks shape or volume


What creates Stress?

movement of Earths plates

Many rocks can ________ or ________, but beyond a certain limit they will eventually _______.

bend, fold, break

what is tension?

a stress that pulls on the crust causing the rock to become thinner in the middle

where does tension occur?

where land is spreading apart

what is compression?

a stress that squeezes rock util it breaks or folds

where does compression occur?

when land is pushed together

what is shearing?

a stress that pushes rock in 2 opposite directions causing it to bend of break sideways

where does shearing occur?

where land is slipping horizontally

what causes a normal fault?

tension

Is a normal fault at an angle?

yes

What does the hanging wall do in a normal fault?

the hanging wall slips down the footwall

A normal fault crust _______ ( or ______ ________)

diverges, pulls apart

What causes a reverse fault?

compression

Is a reverse fault at an angle?

yes

What does the reverse fault hanging wall do?

the hanging wall slides up the footwall

What causes a strike-slip fault?

shearing (sideways stress)

In strike-slip faults rocks on either side ______ past each other _______________

slip, horizontally

Why do earthquakes occur?

fault surfaces experience high friction

What is friction?

the force that resists the motion of one surface as it moves across another surface

What kind of surfaces have low friction?

two slippery surfaces

What kind of surfaces have high friction?

two rough surfaces

What is the focus point?

the point beneath the Earth's surface where the earthquake begins

What is the epicenter?

the point on the surface directly above the focus

What are seismic waves?

vibrations that travel through Earth's interior and across the surface

Seismic waves carry the earthquakes....

energy away from the focus in all directions

What are the three main categories of seismic waves?

P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves

What type of wave is first to arrive?

P-waves

What type of wave arrives second?

S-waves

What type of wave arrives last?

Surface waves

What is another name for P-waves

primary waves

What is another name for S-waves

secondary waves

How does the ground move with p-waves?

the ground is compressed and expanded (push-pull)

What do p-waves travel through?

solids and liquids

In what way do s-waves vibrate?

side to side, up and down

What do s-waves travel through?

solids

What wave is the most severe?

surface waves

What motion do surface waves travel?

side to side, circular

What does shaking trigger?

landslides or avalanches

What 5 things can shaking damage?

buildings, bridges, utility poles, gas pipes, water pipes

What shakes more violently loose soil or solid rock?

loose soil

What can cause a fire?

broken gas lines and broken power lines

Is it a problem when the water line that feed the fire hydrants break?

yes

When does liquefaction occur?

when an earthquakes shaking turns loose soft soil into liquid mud

Where is liquefaction most likely to occur?

where the soil is full of moisture

What are aftershocks?

earthquakes that occur after a larger quake in the same area

What can after shocks cause?

the collapse of buildings that were weakened in the original quake

What are tsunamis?

large waves created by uplift of the ocean floor

What happens to the wave height when it approaches shallow water?

it becomes a mountain of water

Where is the tsunamis wave low?

in the open ocean