Earth-Space Science

Front 1

Wegner's continental drift hypothesis stated that all the continents once joined together to form

Back 1

one major supercontinent

Front 2

The supercontinent in the continental drift hypothesis was called

Back 2

Pangaea

Front 3

What hypothesis states that the continents were once joined to form a single supercontinent

Back 3

continental drift

Front 4

One kind of evidence that supports Wegner's hypothesis is that

Back 4

fossils of the same organism have been found on different continents

Front 5

The geographic distribution of the swimming reptile Mesosaurus provides evidence that

Back 5

South America and Africa were once joined

Front 6

Which of the following was NOT used in support of the continental drift hypothesis

Back 6

paleomagnetism

Front 7

What was the main reason Wegener's continental drift hypothesis was rejected

Back 7

He could not provide a mechanism for the movement of the continents

Front 8

According to the theory of plate tectonics

Back 8

the lithosphere is divide in to plates

Front 9

What describes the asthenosphere

Back 9

it permits plate motion

Front 10

In the plate tectonics theory, the lithosphere is divided into

Back 10

7 major plates and many smaller plates

Front 11

the lithosphere plates move an average of

Back 11

5 centimeters per year

Front 12

a tectonic plate consists of

Back 12

the crust and uppermost mantle

Front 13

in the plate tectonic theory, a plate can be made up of

Back 13

both continental and oceanic lithosphere

Front 14

what kind of plate boundary occurs where two plates grind past each other without destroying or producing lithosphere

Back 14

transform fault boundary

Front 15

a divergen boundary at two oceanic plates can result in a

Back 15

rift valley

Front 16

what type of boundary occurs where two plates move together, causing one plate to descend into the mantle beneath the other plate

Back 16

convergent boundary

Front 17

which of the following is a geographic example of a transform fault boundary

Back 17

the San Andreas Fault

Front 18

new ocean crust is formed at

Back 18

divergent boundaries

Front 19

which of the following results when divergence occurs between two oceanic plates

Back 19

seafloor spreading

Front 20

typical rates of seafloor spreading are approximately

Back 20

5 centimeters per year

Front 21

an example of a divergent plate boundary on continental lithosphere would be

Back 21

the East African Rift Valley

Front 22

what forms when one oceanic plate is forced beneath another plate

Back 22

a subduction zone

Front 23

deep ocean trenches are asociated with

Back 23

subduction zones

Front 24

what process has meilting involved with convergent oceanic-continental boundary

Back 24

subduction

Front 25

oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at

Back 25

convergent boundaries

Front 26

The Himalayas in South Asia are an example of what type of plate boundary

Back 26

convergent continental-continental boundary

Front 27

volcanic island arcs are associated with what type of plate boundary

Back 27

convergent oceanic-oceanic boundary

Front 28

continental volcanic arcs are associated with what type of plate boundary

Back 28

convergent oceanic-continental boundary

Front 29

if a deep ocean trench is located adjacent to a continent, active volcanoes would likely be found

Back 29

landward from the trench

Front 30

why are subduction zones not commonly found at convergent continental-continental boundaries

Back 30

continental lithosphere is too buoyant to be forced down into the mantle.

Front 31

at a transform fault boundary

Back 31

lithosphere is neither destroyed nor produced

Front 32

according to the property of paleomagnetism

Back 32

iron-rich rocks show the location of the magnetic poles at the time of their formation

Front 33

magnetic reversals

Back 33

provide strong evidence for seafloor spreading

Front 34

strips of alternating magnetic field has never reversed polarity

Back 34

provide evidence for seafloor spreading

Front 35

what do the strips of low-intensity magnetism represent on the floor

Back 35

areas where the rocks have a never reversed polarity

Front 36

the Hawaiian Islands were formed when the Pacific Plate moved over

Back 36

a hot spot

Front 37

The age of the rocks in the ocean basins was determined by

Back 37

ocean drilling

Front 38

How does the age of seafloor sediments change with increasing distance from the ocean ridge

Back 38

age increases

Front 39

the formation of the Hawaiian Islands is associated with

Back 39

no plate boundary of any kind

Front 40

the main source of downward convection flow in the mantle is called

Back 40

slab-pull

Front 41

The downward sliding characteristic of ridge-push is the result of

Back 41

gravity

Front 42

which one of the following has NOT been proposed as a mechanism of plate motion

Back 42

crust-core convection

Front 43

what type of plate boundary is an volcanic island arc?

Back 43

convergent oceanic-oceanic boundary

Front 44

if a plate descends into Earth's interior, what will occur?

Back 44

Earthquake foci will be shallower and increase in depth.

Front 45

the thermal convection that drives plate motion is caused by

Back 45

an unequal distribution of heat

Front 46

in the continental drift hypothesis, a supercontinent called what was proposed?

Back 46

?

Front 47

Most scientists in Wegner's day rejected his hypothesis for continental drift because he could not explain a(n) what for how continents can move

Back 47

mechanism

Front 48

Earth's rigid outer layer, consisting of the crust and uppermost mantle, is called the what?

Back 48

lithosphere

Front 49

the theory of plate tectonics states that Earth's rigid outer shell is divided into several individual segments called what?

Back 49

plates

Front 50

the type of plate boundary where plates move apart, resulting in upwelling of material from the mantle to create new seafloor, is referred to as a(n) what plate boundary

Back 50

divergent

Front 51

during the breakup of a continent along a divergent plate boundary, deep faulted structures called what are generated

Back 51

rift valleys

Front 52

at a(n) what boundary, oceanic lithosphere plunges beneath and overriding continental plate

Back 52

convergent oceanic-continental

Front 53

a chain of small volcanic islands that forms when two oceanic plates converge, one descending beneath the other is called a(n)

Back 53

volcanic island arc

Front 54

plumes of molten rock originating deep within the mantle are known as

Back 54

hot spot

Front 55

the age of the deepest ocean sediments what with increasing distance from an ocean ridge crest

Back 55

increases

Front 56

A magma's viscosity is directly related to its

Back 56

silica content

Front 57

what factors helps determine whether a volcanic eruption

Back 57

amount of dissolved gases in the magma, temperature of the magma, and composition of the magma

Front 58

a lava flow with a surface of rough, jagged blocks and sharp, angular projections is called a(n)

Back 58

aa flow

Front 59

as the temperature of lava increases

Back 59

its viscosity decreases

Front 60

types of magma in order of decreasing viscosity (most viscous listed first)

Back 60

andestitic, basaltic, rhyolitic

Front 61

types of magma in order of decreasing viscosity most viscous listed first)

Back 61

rhyolitic, andesitic, basaltic

Front 62

what is NOT a factor affecting how violently or quietly a volcano erupts

Back 62

size of the volcano's cone

Front 63

highly explosive volcanoes tend to have what type of magma

Back 63

magma with high silica, high viscosity, and higher gas content

Front 64

a volcanic bomb is a

Back 64

piece of semi-molten rock ejected as glowing lava

Front 65

the particles produced in volcanic eruptions are called

Back 65

pyroclastic material

Front 66

what is not considered to be a pyroclastic material

Back 66

pahoehoe

Front 67

large particles of hardened lava ejected fro ma volcano are called

Back 67

blocks

Front 68

what is true about volcanic blocks and bombs

Back 68

bombs often have a streamlined shape

Front 69

what is the most abundant gas associated with volcanic activity

Back 69

water vapor

Front 70

what type of volcano is built almost entirely from ejected lava fragments

Back 70

cinder cone

Front 71

the broad, slightly dome-shaped volcanoes of Hawaii are

Back 71

shield volcanoes

Front 72

a volcano tht is fairly symmetrical and has both layers of lava and pyroclastic deposits is a

Back 72

composite cone volcano

Front 73

what type of volcano has a crater and pipe

Back 73

composite cone

Front 74

what plays a part in determining the form of volcano

Back 74

magma composition

Front 75

what is true bout cinder cones

Back 75

they have very steep sides, they are usually less than 300 meters high, they often occur in groups

Front 76

the most violent volcanic eruptions are associated with what type of volcano

Back 76

composite cones

Front 77

a caldera is a

Back 77

large depression in a volcano

Front 78

lava plateaus form when

Back 78

fluid basaltic lava flows out of fissures

Front 79

the volcanic landform that is formed when the more resistant volcanic pipe remains after most of the cone has been eroded is called a

Back 79

volcanic neck

Front 80

crater lake in oregon was produced when

Back 80

the summit of a volcano collapsed

Front 81

Crater Lake in Oregon was produced when

Back 81

the summit of a volcano collapsed

Front 82

the greatest volume of volcanic material is produced by

Back 82

fissure eruptions

Front 83

structures that form from the cooling and hardening of magma beneath Earth's surface are

Back 83

plutons

Front 84

how are intrusive igneous body is called a

Back 84

by their size,shape, and relationship to the surrounding rock layers

Front 85

the largest intrusive igneous body is called a

Back 85

batholith

Front 86

what is true about all plutons

Back 86

they form below Earth's surface

Front 87

what is NOT true about a batholith

Back 87

it is often a small part of a sill

Front 88

which type of intrusive feature forms when magma is injected into fractures cutting across preexisting rock layers

Back 88

dike

Front 89

a lens-shaped intrusive igneous mass close to Earth's surface is called a

Back 89

laccolith

Front 90

what commonly horizontal intrusive igneous body is formed when magma is injected parallel to sedimentary bedding planes

Back 90

sill

Front 91

which of the following is true about batholiths

Back 91

they are intrusive igneous bodies, larger than stocks, associated with major mountain ranges

Front 92

magma forms when solid rock in the crust and upper mantle

Back 92

melts

Front 93

in general, an increase in the confining pressure results in what change in a rock's melting temperature

Back 93

melting temperature increases

Front 94

which of the following factors affects the melting point of rock

Back 94

composition, of the material, water content, confining pressure

Front 95

which of the following is responsible for the partial melting of rock beneath ocean ridges

Back 95

decreases in pressure

Front 96

magma tends to rise towards Earth's surface primarily because

Back 96

rocks become less dense when they melt

Front 97

most shield volcanoes have grown from the ocean floor to form

Back 97

islands

Front 98

the volcanic landforms at divergent ocean plate boundaries are

Back 98

oceanic ridges

Front 99

most of the active volcanoes on Earth are located in a belt known as the

Back 99

Ring of Fire

Front 100

what is the area called that was exposed to erosion and reached over 100 square kilometers in area

Back 100

batholith

Front 101

what volcanic feature has asthenosphere

Back 101

continental volcanic arc

Front 102

what type of plate boundary is resulted in volcanic activity

Back 102

oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary

Front 103

in general, what is true about the composition of the igneous rocks produced in association with subduction zone volcanic activity

Back 103

the rocks are rich in silica

Front 104

what type of landform is developed at plate boundaries where one oceanic plate descends beneath another

Back 104

volcanic island arc

Front 105

at divergent plate boundaries in the ocean, magma rises and melts because of

Back 105

a decrease in pressure

Front 106

most intraplate volcanic activity occurs where

Back 106

hot mantle plumes rise toward the surface within a plate

Front 107

the igneous activity in Yellowstone National Park is associated with what tectonic setting

Back 107

intraplate setting

Front 108

The Hawaiian Islands are associated with what type of volcanism

Back 108

intraplate volcanism

Front 109

A material's what is a measure of its resistance to flow

Back 109

viscosity

Front 110

the most explosive volcanoes are produced by magma with what viscosity that contains a large quantity of dissolved gases

Back 110

high

Front 111

Particles of rock, lava, ash, and other volcanic fragments blown from the vent of a volcano are called?

Back 111

pyroclastic material

Front 112

the accumulation of fluid basaltic lava produces a(n) what volcano

Back 112

shield

Front 113

the most explosive volcanic eruptions come from the what type of volcano

Back 113

composite

Front 114

saturated volcanic debris that rapidly moves down steep volcanic slopes as a mudflow is a(n)

Back 114

lahar

Front 115

lan eroded remnant of a pipe tat once efed a volcano is called a(n)

Back 115

volcanic neck

Front 116

the largest intrusive igneous body is a(n)

Back 116

batholith

Front 117

a(n) what is a sheetlike body that is produced when magma is injected into a fracture that cuts across rock layers

Back 117

dike

Front 118

a(n) what is an igneous intrusive feature that forms from a lens-shaped mass of magma that arches the overlying strata upwards

Back 118

laccolith

Front 119

the change in temperature with depth is the what gradient

Back 119

geothermal

Front 120

what are the three main types of volcanoes?

Back 120

shield,cinder, and composition

Front 121

the change in temperature with depth is the what gradient

Back 121

geothermal

Front 122

what are the three main types of volcanoes?

Back 122

shield,cinder, and composition

Front 123

Sedimentary rocks record past geological events and

Back 123

changing life forms of the past

Front 124

in what type of rocks wold geologists most likely find evidence of past life forms.

Back 124

sedimentary rocks

Front 125

an example of a geologic event that could be recorded in rocks is

Back 125

a volcanic eruption

Front 126

the geological processes that shape Earth's features today

Back 126

are basically the same as they were in the geologic past

Front 127

what scientist is credited with proposing the principle of uniformitarianism

Back 127

James Hutton

Front 128

They physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geologic past. This statement relates to the principle of

Back 128

uniformitarianism

Front 129

the present is the key to the pst. This statement rephrases the

Back 129

principle of uniformitarianism

Front 130

according to the principle of cross-cutting relationships, an intrusive rock body is

Back 130

younger than the rocks into which it intrudes

Front 131

Nicholas Steno proposed the most basic principle of relative dating, the law of

Back 131

superposition

Front 132

The dating process that places geologic events in proper sequence of sedimentary rocks, each layer is

Back 132

older than the one above it

Front 133

If a layer of sandstone is in contact with a mass of granite that contains small pieces of the sandstone, which rock is older

Back 133

the sandstone

Front 134

what is a type of unconformity

Back 134

disconformity

Front 135

a break that separates older metamorphic rocks from younger sedimentary rocks immediately above them is a type of unconformity called

Back 135

nonconformity

Front 136

what type of unconformity consists of tilted sedimenarty rocks that are overlain by younger, more flat-lying sedimentary rocks

Back 136

angular unconformity

Front 137

which type of geologic event has to occur to create an angular conformity

Back 137

folding or tilting of rock layers, followed by renewed deposition

Front 138

an unconformity is a(n)

Back 138

gap in the rock record

Front 139

after examining a sequence of horizontal sedimentary rocks, you determine that there is a considerable span of time for which no sedimentary rock layers exist at this location. You can discovered a(n)

Back 139

disconformity

Front 140

fossils are the

Back 140

remains or traces of prehistoric life

Front 141

in what type of rocks are most fossils found

Back 141

sedimentary rocks

Front 142

which of the following environments would most likely NOT contain fossils

Back 142

intrusive rock formed from cooled magma

Front 143

what determines the type of fossil that is formed

Back 143

the conditions under which the organism died and how it was buried

Front 144

Petrified wood is an example of what type of fossil

Back 144

altered remains

Front 145

the footprints of a dinosaur are an example of what type of fossil

Back 145

trace fossil

Front 146

which of the following is important if an organism is the become a fossil

Back 146

rapid burial and hard parts

Front 147

organisms with hard parts stand a good chance of being fossilized if they are

Back 147

rapidly buried by sediments

Front 148

in which of the following environments would the shell of an organism most likely be preserved as a fossil

Back 148

at the bottom of a lake buried by a landslide

Front 149

why would a worm stand a poor chance of being fossilized

Back 149

worms have no hard parts

Front 150

which of these organisms would have the best chance of becoming part of the fossil record

Back 150

fish

Front 151

the principle of fossil succession states that different types of fossil organisms

Back 151

succeed one another in a definite order

Front 152

the task of using fossils to match up rocks of similar ages in different areas is called

Back 152

correlation

Front 153

which of the following must be true for a fossil organism to be useful as an index fossil?

Back 153

the fossil organism must be widespread geographically, abundant, and limited to a short span of geologic time

Front 154

index fossils allow geologists to

Back 154

match rocks of the same age in different regions

Front 155

groups of fossil plants and animals succeed each other in a definite and determinable oder, and any peroid of geologic time can be recognized by its respective fossils. This is a statement of the

Back 155

principle of fossil succession

Front 156

radioactivity is produced when unstable nuclei

Back 156

break apart

Front 157

the process by which atomic nuclei spontaneously decay is called

Back 157

radioactivity

Front 158

the time it takes for 50% if the nuclei in a radioactive staple to decay to its stable isotope is called

Back 158

the half-life

Front 159

atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called

Back 159

isotopes

Front 160

assume you began with 10 g of a radioactive parent isotope. How many grams of parent isotope will be present in the sample after 2 half-lives

Back 160

2.5 g

Front 161

radiometric dating is possible because the rates of decay of radioactive isotopes

Back 161

are constant

Front 162

what fraction of the original parent isotope still exists after 4 half-lives have passed?

Back 162

1/16

Front 163

a sample is broungth to the laboratory and it is determined that one-eighth of the original parent isotope remains in the sample. What is the age of the sample if the half-life of the material is 60 million years

Back 163

180 million years old

Front 164

what is the age of a rock sample that contains a parent isotope with a half-life of 100 million years and contains 1/32 of the parent isotope

Back 164

500 million years old

Front 165

the radiometric dating of an igneous rock provides

Back 165

a date for when the rock formed

Front 166

if the half- life of an unstable isotope is 10,000 years, and only 1/8 of the radioactive parents remains in a sample, how old is the sample

Back 166

30,000

Front 167

radiocarbon dating is used to date

Back 167

recent geologic events up to 75,000 years ago

Front 168

which two substances do geologists use in radiocarbon dating

Back 168

carbon-14 and carbon-12

Front 169

in living things, what is the source of the carbon-14 that is used in radiocarbon dating

Back 169

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Front 170

radiocarbon dating could be used to date which of the following

Back 170

60,000-year old mammoth bone

Front 171

what length of time does the geologic time scale cover

Back 171

4.6 billion years

Front 172

based on interpretations of rock units and changes in fossil life forms, geologists have divided Earth's history into manageable units that are represented by the

Back 172

geologic time scale

Front 173

what is the currently accepted age of Earth

Back 173

about 4.6 billion years

Front 174

the largest expanse of time on the geologic time scale is the

Back 174

eon

Front 175

which eon of the geologic time scale means "visible life"?

Back 175

Phanerozoic

Front 176

the era of "ancient life" is known as the

Back 176

Paleozoic

Front 177

which of the following lists the divisions of the geologic time scale in order from longest to shortest

Back 177

era, period, epoch

Front 178

about 88 percent of Earth's history is within the expanse of time before the Phanerozoic Era called the

Back 178

Precambrian

Front 179

Which of the following is NOT an era of the Phanerozoic Eon

Back 179

Hadean

Front 180

when did abundant fossil evidence appear in the geologic record

Back 180

540 million years ago

Front 181

radiometric dating does not usually work with sedimentary rocks because they

Back 181

form from many older rock particles.

Front 182

the radiometric date of a metamorphic rock most likely represents when the rock was

Back 182

heated during metamophism

Front 183

rocks record what and changing life forms of the past

Back 183

geologic events

Front 184

the principle of what states that physical, biological, and chemical processes we observe today have also operated in the geologic past

Back 184

uniformitarianism

Front 185

what tells geologists the sequence, or oder, in which events occurred

Back 185

relative dating

Front 186

to assume that rock layers that are tilted have been moved into that position by crustal disturbances is to apply a principle of relative dating known as

Back 186

original horizontality

Front 187

a(n) what is a break in the rock record during which deposition ceased, erosion removed previously formed rocks, and then deposition resumed

Back 187

unconformity

Front 188

an unconformity in which the sedimentary strata on either side of the unconformity are essentially parallel is referred to as a(n)

Back 188

disconformity

Front 189

the remains or traces of prehistoric life are called

Back 189

fossils

Front 190

fossils rarely preserve the what parts of animals because scavengers often eat them and bacteria decompose them

Back 190

soft

Front 191

a half-life is the amount of time needed for one-half of the what in a sample to decay to form its stable isotope

Back 191

nuclei

Front 192

using radioactive isotopes to calculate the ages of rocks and minerals is a procedure called

Back 192

radiometric

Front 193

what is used to date recent organic material

Back 193

radiocarbon

Front 194

Eras are divided into what, which can be further divided into what

Back 194

periods;epoch

Front 195

Great worldwide change ins forms of what on Earth mark the boundaries of eras

Back 195

life

Front 196

the what is the era of "recent life" on earth

Back 196

Cenozoic era

Front 197

it is hard to use radiometric dating to tell the age of what rocks because the age of the particles in them may not represent when the rocks actually formed

Back 197

sedimentary

Front 198

what is an unconformity

Back 198

?

Front 199

How are fossils useful to geologists

Back 199

?

Front 200

the total number of eclipses each year does not exceed

Back 200

7

Front 201

Earth's orbital speed is approximately

Back 201

107,000 kilometers per hour

Front 202

What are you most likely to experience

Back 202

full moon

Front 203

how old is the moon

Back 203

about the same age as Earth

Front 204

What was unknown to the ancient Greeks

Back 204

Uranus

Front 205

Using Tycho Brahe's data, what scientist proposed three laws of planetary motion

Back 205

Copernicus

Front 206

According to the third law of planetary motion, the period of revolution of planet is related to the planet's

Back 206

distance to the sun

Front 207

Earth is closest to the sun at a point called

Back 207

perihelion

Front 208

The oldest features on the moon are

Back 208

highlands

Front 209

what scientists was the first to use the telescope in astronomy

Back 209

Galileo

Front 210

What scientists discovered that Venus has phases, just like the moon

Back 210

Galileo

Front 211

What is associated with young craters

Back 211

rays

Front 212

The apparent westward movement of a planet against the background of stars is called

Back 212

retrograde motion

Front 213

Seasons are caused by

Back 213

Earth's tilted axis

Front 214

According to te ancients, the stars traveled around Earth on the transparent, hollow

Back 214

celestial sphere

Front 215

The first accurate measurement of the size of Earth was made by

Back 215

Eratosthenes

Front 216

During the period that the moon's phases are changing from new to full, the moon is

Back 216

waxing

Front 217

The geocentric model of the universe stated that

Back 217

Earth was the center of the universe

Front 218

Seasons are caused by

Back 218

Earth's tilted axis

Front 219

The length of daylight on the moon is about

Back 219

two weeks

Front 220

According to te ancients, the stars traveled around Earth on the transparent, hollow

Back 220

celestial sphere

Front 221

what ancient astronomer developed a geocentric model of the universe explaining the observable motions of the planets

Back 221

Ptolemy

Front 222

The first accurate measurement of the size of Earth was made by

Back 222

Eratosthenes

Front 223

What statement best explains why the moon has more craters than Earth

Back 223

Weathering and erosion do not occur on the moon

Front 224

During the period that the moon's phases are changing from new to full, the moon is

Back 224

waxing

Front 225

what occurs when the moon casts its shadow on Earth

Back 225

synodic month

Front 226

The geocentric model of the universe stated that

Back 226

Earth was the center of the universe

Front 227

How does crater density relate to the moon's geologic history

Back 227

High crater density is associated with older surfaces

Front 228

The length of daylight on the moon is about

Back 228

two weeks

Front 229

what ancient astronomer developed a geocentric model of the universe explaining the observable motions of the planets

Back 229

Ptolemy

Front 230

What statement best explains why the moon has more craters than Earth

Back 230

Weathering and erosion do not occur on the moon

Front 231

what occurs when the moon casts its shadow on Earth

Back 231

synodic month

Front 232

How does crater density relate to the moon's geologic history

Back 232

High crater density is associated with older surfaces

Front 233

Seasons are caused by

Back 233

Earth's tilted axis

Front 234

According to te ancients, the stars traveled around Earth on the transparent, hollow

Back 234

celestial sphere

Front 235

The first accurate measurement of the size of Earth was made by

Back 235

Eratosthenes

Front 236

During the period that the moon's phases are changing from new to full, the moon is

Back 236

waxing

Front 237

The geocentric model of the universe stated that

Back 237

Earth was the center of the universe

Front 238

The length of daylight on the moon is about

Back 238

two weeks

Front 239

what ancient astronomer developed a geocentric model of the universe explaining the observable motions of the planets

Back 239

Ptolemy

Front 240

What statement best explains why the moon has more craters than Earth

Back 240

Weathering and erosion do not occur on the moon

Front 241

what occurs when the moon casts its shadow on Earth

Back 241

synodic month

Front 242

How does crater density relate to the moon's geologic history

Back 242

High crater density is associated with older surfaces

Front 243

One astronomical unit (AU) averages about

Back 243

150 million kilometers

Front 244

the first early astronomer to propose a sun-centred solar system was

Back 244

Copernicus

Front 245

A measure of the total amount of matter an object contains is called

Back 245

mass

Front 246

What law states that each planet revolves so that an imaginary line connecting it to the sun sweeps over equal areas in equal time intervals

Back 246

the second law of planetary motion

Front 247

what was NOT discovered by Galileo

Back 247

the two moons of Mars

Front 248

in the Ptolemaic model of the universe

Back 248

Earth was the center of the universe

Front 249

What scientists determined the nature of the forces that keep the planets in their orbits

Back 249

Newton

Front 250

Aristotle concluded t hat Earth was round because

Back 250

it always casts a curved shadow during a lunar eclipse

Front 251

The true shape of planetary orbits was discovered by

Back 251

Kepler

Front 252

The turning or spinning of a body on its axis is known as

Back 252

rotation

Front 253

The force that gravity exerts on an object is called

Back 253

weight

Front 254

what must happen for a solar eclipse to occur

Back 254

the moon's orbit must cross the plane of the ecliptic

Front 255

What astronomer spent 20 years plotting the positions of the planets

Back 255

Brahe

Front 256

Round depressions on the moon's surface are called

Back 256

craters

Front 257

What movement of Earth is for night and day

Back 257

rotation

Front 258

the moon's period of revolution is 27 1/3 days, and its period of rotation is

Back 258

27 1/3 days

Front 259

Hipparchus was best known for his

Back 259

star catalog

Front 260

Maria formed from which of the following

Back 260

basaltic lava

Front 261

Earth's axis slowly but continuously points in different directions, a movement known as

Back 261

precession

Front 262

How long does it take the moon to go from full-moon phase to new-moon phase

Back 262

two weeks

Front 263

Which statement supports the giant-impact hypothesis of the moon's formation

Back 263

the moon lacks a sizable iron core

Front 264

the moon is closest to Earth at

Back 264

perigee

Front 265

The period of time required for the moon to complete one cycle of phases is called a(n) what month

Back 265

synodic

Front 266

who placed the sun at the center of the universe; however, he mistakenly used what to represent the shape of the planets' orbits

Back 266

Copernicus; circles

Front 267

what kind of eclipse can only occur during a new-moon phase

Back 267

solar

Front 268

At position 5 what phase is the moon in?

Back 268

full moon

Front 269

in phase position 7 what phase is the moon in

Back 269

third quarter

Front 270

the astronomical unit is the average distance between Earth and the what

Back 270

sun

Front 271

One of the discoveries that led to the modern view of the solar system was the what of the planets are ellipses

Back 271

orbits

Front 272

a lunar eclipse can only occur during a(n) what phase

Back 272

full

Front 273

all lunar terrains are covered by a layer of thick, gray debris called

Back 273

lunar regolith

Front 274

the period of time required for the moon to complete one true revolution is called a(n)

Back 274

sidereal

Front 275

what are the oldest features on the moon, followed by maria basins, then what craters

Back 275

highlands; rayed

Front 276

according to the giant-impact hypothesis, the origin of the moon can be traced to a collision between a body the size of what and Earth

Back 276

Mars

Front 277

Who is the created with first calculating Earth circumference

Back 277

Eratosthenes

Front 278

a very slow motion of Earth's axis that requires 26,000 years to complete is called

Back 278

precession

Front 279

in the what model, the sun is the center of the solar system

Back 279

heliocentric

Front 280

what is revolution

Back 280

along a path around some point in space.

Front 281

one of the planets known to have rings is

Back 281

Uranus

Front 282

what us not a Jovian planet

Back 282

Earth

Front 283

what is not a terrestrial planet

Back 283

Jupiter

Front 284

the most obvious difference between terrestrial and Jovian planets is

Back 284

size

Front 285

what is NOT a characteristic of the Jovian planets

Back 285

thin atmosphere

Front 286

in an astronomical sense, what is NOT considered an ice

Back 286

hydrogen

Front 287

The formation of the solar system from a huge cloud of dust and gases is called the

Back 287

nebular theory

Front 288

what is not considered part of the solar system

Back 288

galaxies

Front 289

The Jovian planets contain a large percentage of the gases

Back 289

hydrogen and helium

Front 290

what is proportionally more abundant on terrestrial planets than on Jovian planets?

Back 290

silicate minerals

Front 291

what planet shows evidence of water erosion

Back 291

Mars

Front 292

what planet has a cratered surface similar to Earth's moon

Back 292

Mercury

Front 293

the planet with the greatest temperature extremes is

Back 293

Mercury

Front 294

which planet has a dense carbon dioxide atmosphere and high surface temperatures

Back 294

Venus

Front 295

which thickly clouded planet has radar mapping revealed a varied topography consisting of plains, highlands, and thousands of volcanic structures

Back 295

Venus

Front 296

how many known satellites does Mars have

Back 296

2

Front 297

The atmosphere of Venus is composed primarily of

Back 297

carbon dioxide

Front 298

Mons Olympus, a volcano the size of Ohio, is found on

Back 298

Mars

Front 299

what planet does NOt have rings

Back 299

Mars

Front 300

What planet, when viewed through a telescope, appears as a reddish ball interrupted by some permanent dark regions that change intensity

Back 300

Mars

Front 301

What is currently responsible for shaping Mar's surface

Back 301

wind

Front 302

what feature on Mars points to the possibility of liquid water on the planet

Back 302

gullies and streamlike channels

Front 303

what planet is second only to the moon in brilliance in the night sky

Back 303

Venus

Front 304

what planet has a greater mass than the combined mass of all the remaining planets and their moons

Back 304

Jupiter

Front 305

which of Jupiter's moons is volcanically active

Back 305

Io

Front 306

what planet might be best described as a large, dirty iceball

Back 306

Pluto

Front 307

What planet is associated with the Great Dark Spot

Back 307

Neptune

Front 308

What is the smallest planet

Back 308

Pluto

Front 309

What planet's axis of rotation lies nearly parallel with the plane of its orbit?

Back 309

Uranus

Front 310

What moon has a substantial atmosphere

Back 310

Titan

Front 311

The lowest surface temperature in the solar system (-200C) occurs on

Back 311

Triton

Front 312

What characteristic distinguishes Neptune from the other planets

Back 312

Neptune is extremely windy

Front 313

Jupiter's Great Red Spot is believed to be a

Back 313

cyclonic storm

Front 314

what is a characteristic of Jupiter

Back 314

huge rotating storms, dense atmosphere, and thin ring system

Front 315

What satellite of Uranus has the greatest variety of landforms of any satellite yet examined

Back 315

Miranda

Front 316

The relatively small, rocky bodies generally found orbiting between Mars and Jupiter are known as

Back 316

asteroids

Front 317

What feat did the spacecraft Near Shoemaker accomplish

Back 317

it landed on an asteroid

Front 318

Most asteroids lie between the orbits of

Back 318

Mars and Jupiter

Front 319

A comet's tail always points

Back 319

away from the sun

Front 320

The glowing head of a comet is known as the

Back 320

coma

Front 321

Comets with short orbital periods are located in what region

Back 321

Kuiper belt

Front 322

The small particles that produce a streak of light upon entering Earth's atmosphere are called

Back 322

meteors

Front 323

The remains of extraterrestrial particles that are found on Earth's surface are called

Back 323

meteorites

Front 324

Most meteor showers are associated with the orbits of

Back 324

comets

Front 325

What is the planet that cannot be classified as either a terrestrial or a Jovian planet

Back 325

Pluto

Front 326

The densities of the what planets are about five times the density of water

Back 326

terrestrial

Front 327

A planet's ability to retain an atmosphere depends on its what and temperature

Back 327

mass

Front 328

a cloud of dust and gas in space is called a(n)

Back 328

nebula

Front 329

Planets originally formed when bits of matter collided and clumped together to form

Back 329

planetesimals

Front 330

Because of its similarities to Earth, the planet what has been called "Earth's twin."

Back 330

Venus

Front 331

The Martian polar caps are made of what, covered by a thin layer of frozen what?

Back 331

water ice; carbon dioxide

Front 332

although the atmosphere of what is very thin, extensive dust storms with wind speeds ins excess of 270 kilometers per hour do occur

Back 332

Mars

Front 333

What are small rocky bodies that have been likened to"flying mountains."

Back 333

Asteroids

Front 334

The total mass of all asteroids is estimated to be only 1/1000 that of what

Back 334

Earth

Front 335

What is the front of a comet called

Back 335

coma

Front 336

A meteoroid that reaches Earth's surface is called a(n)

Back 336

meteorite

Front 337

What is NOT a form of electromagnetic radiation

Back 337

gravity

Front 338

What color has the longest wavelength

Back 338

red

Front 339

Gamma rays, X-rays, visible light, and radio waves are all types of

Back 339

electromagnetic radiation

Front 340

The face that light can exert a pressure on matter suggests that it is made of particles called

Back 340

photons

Front 341

what color has the most energetic photons

Back 341

violet

Front 342

what does a prism do

Back 342

separates visible light into several colors

Front 343

a typical incandescent light bulb produces a(n)

Back 343

continuous spectrum

Front 344

What famous scientist unknowingly founded the field of spectroscopy

Back 344

Isaac Newton

Front 345

What type of spectrum can be produced by a solid, liquid, or gas

Back 345

continuous spectrum

Front 346

what information does a star's spectrum offer about the star

Back 346

chemical composition

Front 347

What refers to the change in wavelength that occurs when an object moves toward or away from a source

Back 347

Doppler effect

Front 348

What will happen to an object's wavelenth as the object moves toward you

Back 348

the wavelength will be shortened

Front 349

Large Doppler shifts indicate

Back 349

high speeds

Front 350

Using the Doppler effect, astronomers can determine a star's

Back 350

movement toward or away from Earth

Front 351

A refracting telescope produces an image using a(n)

Back 351

objective lens

Front 352

a reflecting telescope produces an image using a(n)

Back 352

concave mirror

Front 353

what famous scientist first used a telescope for astronomical observation

Back 353

Galileo

Front 354

When several radio telescopes are wired together, the resulting network is called a radio

Back 354

interferometer

Front 355

The magnification of a telescope is changed by changing the

Back 355

focal length of the objective

Front 356

what property of an optical telescope is associated with sharper images

Back 356

resolving power

Front 357

what is NOT an advantage of radio telescopes over optical telescopes

Back 357

radio telescopes have better resolution

Front 358

Chromatic aberration

Back 358

weakens the images of stars

Front 359

What is NOT true about most large optical telescopes

Back 359

they are refracting telescopes

Front 360

the James Webb Space Telescope will study

Back 360

infrared radiation

Front 361

what was the first space telescope built by NASA

Back 361

Hubble Space Telescope

Front 362

What advantage do space telescopes have over telescopes used on Earth

Back 362

they are not affected by Earth's atmosphere

Front 363

The layer of the sun that radiates most of the light that reaches Earth is the

Back 363

chromosphere

Front 364

The outermost layer of the sun is called the

Back 364

corona

Front 365

what part of the sun lies directly about the visible "surface" of the sun

Back 365

chromosphere

Front 366

The sun's surface has a grainy texture produced by numerous bright markings called

Back 366

granules

Front 367

The thin red rim seen around the sun during a total solar eclipse is called the

Back 367

chromosphere

Front 368

the sun's surface is made up mostly of

Back 368

hydrogen

Front 369

Streams of electrons and protons that shoot out from the sun's corona make up the solar

Back 369

wind

Front 370

what are the most explosive events that occur on the sun

Back 370

solar flares

Front 371

What are the dark spots on the sun

Back 371

sunspots

Front 372

By observing sunspots, Galileo concluded that the sun

Back 372

rotated on its axis

Front 373

sunspots appear dark because they are

Back 373

relatively cool

Front 374

what effect do solar flares have on Earth

Back 374

auroras

Front 375

the product of nuclear fusion is

Back 375

helium

Front 376

the source of the sun's engery is

Back 376

nuclear fission

Front 377

In the equation E=mc^2, what does c represent

Back 377

speed of light

Front 378

the sun can continue to exist in its present stable stat for about another

Back 378

5.5 billion years

Front 379

the speed of light is

Back 379

300,000

Front 380

Photons are associated with the what theory of light

Back 380

particle

Front 381

what refers to the arrangement of electromagnetic waves according to their wavelengths and frequencies

Back 381

electromagnetic spectrum

Front 382

an emission spectrum is produced by a(n) what gas under what pressure

Back 382

hot;low

Front 383

the light from a source that is moving away from an observer appears what than it actually is because its waves are what?

Back 383

redder; lengthened

Front 384

what is the distance between the objective lens and the focus of a telescope

Back 384

because the focus of a(n) what telescope is in front of the mirror, an observer must be able to view the image without blocking too much incoming light.

Front 385

because the focus of a(n) what telescope is in front of the mirror, an observer must be able to view the image without blocking too much incoming light.

Back 385

reflecting

Front 386

what refers to a telescope's ability to make an object larger

Back 386

magnifying power

Front 387

Space telescopes orbit above Earth's what and thus produce clearer images

Back 387

atmosphere

Front 388

the outmost portion of the solar atmosphere, the what is very weak and only visible when the photosphere is covered

Back 388

corona

Front 389

during periods of high solar activity, huge cloudlike structures called what appear as great arches that extend from the sun

Back 389

prominences

Front 390

during nuclear fusion, energy is released because some matter is actually converted to what?

Back 390

energy

Front 391

Nuclear fusion takes place in the sun's

Back 391

core

Front 392

where does a person look through a telescope

Back 392

eye piece

Front 393

what is at the end of a telescope

Back 393

objective lens

Front 394

the number of sunspots varies in a cycle that lasts how many years

Back 394

11

Front 395

Stars of which color have the highest surface temperature

Back 395

blue

Front 396

a star with a surface temperature between 5000 K and 6000 K appears

Back 396

yellow

Front 397

the mass of a star can be determined by studying

Back 397

binary star systems

Front 398

stars of which color have the coolest surface temperature

Back 398

red

Front 399

a light-year is approximately

Back 399

9.5 trillion kilometers

Front 400

Stellar distances are usually expressed in what units

Back 400

light-years

Front 401

What is true about parallax

Back 401

it is used to measure distance to stars, and the angles of distant stars are too small to measure

Front 402

the measure of a stars' brightens is called its

Back 402

magnitude

Front 403

What does NOT affect the apparent brightness of a star

Back 403

how old the star is

Front 404

If star A is father from Earth than star B, but both stars have the same absolute magnitude, what is true about their apparent magnitude?

Back 404

Star B has the greater apparent magnitude

Front 405

What magnitude would be associated with the brightest star

Back 405

-5

Front 406

The difference in the brightness of two stars with the same surface temperature is attributable to their

Back 406

sizes

Front 407

What is NOT a type of nebula

Back 407

spiral

Front 408

A Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram shows the relationship between

Back 408

temperature and absolute magnitude

Front 409

about 90 percent of stars on the H-R diagram are

Back 409

main-sequence stars

Front 410

What main-sequence stars are the least massive

Back 410

red

Front 411

What main-sequence stars are brightest

Back 411

the hottest

Front 412

the sun has an absolute magnitude of

Back 412

5

Front 413

another name for the interstellar matter that will eventually form a star is

Back 413

nebula

Front 414

a star is said to be born when

Back 414

a protostar reaches a temperature high enough for nuclear fusion to begin

Front 415

what force is most responsible for the formation of a star

Back 415

gravity

Front 416

in the Milky Way, the most abundant gas in emission nebulae is

Back 416

hydrogen

Front 417

Massive stars terminate in a brilliant explosion called a

Back 417

supernova

Front 418

What stars are composed of matter in which electrons have combined with protons

Back 418

neutron stars

Front 419

all stars, regardless of size, eventually

Back 419

run out of fuel and collapse

Front 420

in the cores of extremely hot red giants, nuclear reactions convert helium to

Back 420

carbon

Front 421

before being engulfed, matter that is pulled into a black hole should become very hot and emit

Back 421

X-rays

Front 422

when a main-sequence star has exhausted the fuel in its core, it becomes a

Back 422

red giant

Front 423

the sun is a

Back 423

main-sequence star

Front 424

what is the next stage in the sun's life cycle

Back 424

black dwarf

Front 425

light cannot escape the intense gravitational pull of a

Back 425

black hole

Front 426

our galaxy us called the

Back 426

Local Group

Front 427

at its nucleus, the Milky Way Galaxy is about 100,000 light-years wide and

Back 427

10,000 light-years thick

Front 428

where is our sun located in the Milky Way

Back 428

within one of the spiral arms

Front 429

about 60 percent of all known galaxies are classified as

Back 429

elliptical galaxies

Front 430

what object is largest

Back 430

galaxy

Front 431

What is NOT a type of galaxy

Back 431

nebular

Front 432

According to Hubble's law, galaxies are retreating at a speed that is proportional to their

Back 432

distance

Front 433

what indicates that the universe is expanding

Back 433

red shift of distance galaxies

Front 434

Based on the observed red shifts in the spectral lines of distant galaxies, astronomers conclude that

Back 434

the universe is expanding

Front 435

Greater shifts in the spectra of galaxies indicate

Back 435

faster speeds

Front 436

according to the big band theory, the universe began about

Back 436

13.7 billion years ago

Front 437

What supports the big band theory

Back 437

cosmic background radiation

Front 438

Patterns of stars called what were originally named in honor of mythological characters or great heroes

Back 438

constellations

Front 439

the most basic way to measure the distance to a star is

Back 439

brightness

Front 440

a light-year is the distance what ravels in a year

Back 440

light

Front 441

some stars, called what, get brighter and fainter in a regular pattern

Back 441

cepheid variables

Front 442

a(n) what is a developing star not yet hot enough to engage in nuclear fusion

Back 442

protostar

Front 443

stars the radiate short pulses of radio energy are called

Back 443

pulsars

Front 444

the most dense stars known to exist are called

Back 444

black holes

Front 445

the average star spends what percent of its life as a hydrogen-burring main-sequence star

Back 445

90

Front 446

the sun is positioned about what of the way from the center of the galaxy

Back 446

two thirds

Front 447

the Milky Way is classified as a(n) what galaxy

Back 447

spiral

Front 448

in addition to size and shape, one of the major differences among galaxies is the what of the their stars

Back 448

age

Front 449

a(n) what is a galaxy that lack symmetry

Back 449

irregular

Front 450

the apparent change in wavelength of radiation cause by the relative motion of the source and the observer is called the what

Back 450

doppler effect

Front 451

the what, which occurred in a instant, marks the beginning of the universe

Back 451

big bang

Front 452

Which property of a star can be determined by its color

Back 452

temperature

Front 453

what factors determine a stars apparent magnitude

Back 453

size, distance from Earth, and temperature

Front 454

How hot must the core of a protostar be to begin nuclear fusion

Back 454

10,000,000K

Front 455

What type of star has Gravity going down and gas pressure in the middle

Back 455

main-sequence star

Front 456

White dwarfs are very hot stars that have what absolute magnitudes

Back 456

low

Front 457

main sequence stars are stars that fit into a what band that runs from the upper left to the lower right on the diagram

Back 457

diagonal

Front 458

Although its temperature is greater, our sun has lower absolute magnitude that that of what

Back 458

Betelgeuse

Front 459

Supergiants are stars with relatively what temperatures and high absolute magnitudes

Back 459

low

Front 460

Red giant are what main sequences stars

Back 460

are not

Front 461

the absolute magnitude of Rigel is what than the sun

Back 461

higher

Front 462

Betelgeuse is what than Rigel

Back 462

colder

Front 463

Betelgeuse has an absolute magnitude that is what than that of Rigel

Back 463

greater

Front 464

A star that lies outside the main sequence is what

Back 464

Antares

Front 465

White dwarfs and red giants lie what the main sequence

Back 465

outside