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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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About how many people live on planet Earth today?
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7 Billion
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The formation of Earth and Mars occurred at:
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Event W – in between 6 and 4 billion
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The first single celled life (about 3.8 billion years ago) on earth appeared at:
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Actually, none of the above events represent the first single celled life
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What are the odds you might die in a natural disaster?
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Much, much less than 1%
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The greatest insurance dollar losses as a result of natural disasters in the last three decades occurred in:
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United States
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Which of the following is true about the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere?
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The lithosphere is made of the crust and upper mantle
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T/F: Ductile deformation is permanent
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True
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The inner core is a 2450-km diameter _____ mass with temperatures up to 4300C (7770F)
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Solid
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Which of the following is true?
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Mid-ocean ridges are areas where oceanic crust is formed
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Which of the following is NOT true?
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Subduction zones are areas where ocean floor rocks are formed
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Along which type of lithospheric plate boundaries are earthquakes common?
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Convergent, divergent, and transform
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Why does ocean lithosphere almost always sink beneath continental lithosphere at convergent plate boundaries?
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Oceanic lithosphere is almost twice as dense as the underlying mantle
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If the Atlantic Ocean floor is getting wider, why is the Earth not becoming larger?
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At other places on earth, old ocean floor sinks at Subduction zones (trenches)
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The San Andreas Fault in California is _____
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A transform fault
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What is a thrust fault characterized by?
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The movement of one plate over another
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The magnetic stripes of the seafloor are considered evidence of periodic reverseals of the polarity of the earth’s magnetic field and _____
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Seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges
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Who proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 1900’s:
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Alfred Wegener
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The average rate of plate motion is (give the answer that is most nearly correct):
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2 cm per year
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Strike-slip faults:
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Have mainly horizontal movement
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Using the principles of Steno and Hutton, determine the relative age relationship of the above rock sequence from oldest to youngest
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E, C, B, D, A (lowest, next lowest, 2nd from top, DIKE, top layer)
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The hypocenter of an earthquake is:
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The point beneath the earth’s surface at which the first movement/break occurs along a fault
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A large number of earthquakes occur each year worldwide. Most of these have magnitudes:
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<3.0
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Block A is the footwall. (Left side, right-side-up triangle)
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True
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The fault is:
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A normal fault under tension
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T/F: The fault is right lateral
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True
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The order of arrival of seismic waves at a recording station is (LR=surface wave):
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P-waves, S-waves, LR-waves
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The rate of decay of radioactive elements is often expressed as a half-life. If the amount of radioactive element is 1/16 of the amount originally present. How many half-lives have elapsed?
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4
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The Richter Scale is set up so that for every ____ increase in the amplitude of that recorded shear wave, the Richter magnitude increases one number, e.g. from 4 to 5
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Ten-fold
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Which of the following seismic waves produces compression-dilation motion parallel to the direction of wave propagation as it passes through rocks:
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P-wave
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You are about to purchase a house in an area prone to earthquakes. Which of the following steps should you take to strengthen the building to minimize damage
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All of the above (add braces, infill walls, isolate the base from the ground, secure appliances such as water heaters to the frame)
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You are an architect who specializes in designing buildings that can withstand mega-thrust (the biggest type) earthquakes. Where in the US should you move after graduate school to get the best business?
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Seattle, WA
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T/F: The North Anatolian fault in Turkey is a 1400 km-long transform fault zone and there is reason to expect major earthquakes to occur progressively farther to the west, ever closer to Istanbul
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True
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Which state accounts for the greatest percentage of all U.S. earthquakes of magnitude 3.5 and above?
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Alaska
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The Great Basin region between the eastern Sierra Nevade in California and the Wasatch Mountains in Utah ____________ in response to plate tectonic forces.
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Has explained in an east-west direction
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Earthquake prediction methods have significantly improved over the last few decades. We can now predict the occurrence of an earthquake at a fault in a given:
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Actually, earthquake prediction has not really improved
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The Earth is ____ in January
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Closest to the sun
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A shield volcano has a greater _______ than a composite volcano
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Width compared to its height
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The most peaceful eruptions are _______
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Icelandic type eruptions
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Igneous rocks with large minerals, like granite, form
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Slowly, inside the earth
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T/F: Magma at deep depths does not contain gas bubbles because the high pressure at depth keeps the gas dissolved in solution
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True
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At which location on the above figure could magma erupt and new rock be formed?
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A & C (far left location & far right location)
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Location A is probably the site of a
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Divergent boundary
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Active volcanoes today in Oregon and Washington, including Mr. St Helens result from ______________.
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The Subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath the North American Plate
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Granite and rhyolite are both light-colored. Basalt is dark colored. Rhyolite and basalt both have small minerals and granite has large minerals. From the information given, which igneous rocks cooled at similar rates?
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Rhyolite and basalt
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Which word does NOT fit in the following set of words describing a single volcano?
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Shield volcano
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Felsic igneous rocks:
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Are light colored
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Tsunami is most often created at what type(s) of plate boundaries:
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Convergent
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Tsunami typically have _______________ relative to wind-blown waves
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Long periods and long wavelengths
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T/F: It is virtually impossible for ships at sea to survive a passing tsunami
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False
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T/F: Yellowstone is an example of both a continental hot spot and supervolcano
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True
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T/F: Air on a muggy, 90 degree day air is less dense than on a 90 degree day with dry air
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True
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If more greenhouse gasses are in the atmosphere, this causes:
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Radiated heat to be trapped for a longer time in the atmosphere
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When water vapor condenses it:
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Releases latent heat
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The inside of a tornado funnel has __________
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Low atmospheric pressure
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T/F: The troposphere is the lowest level of the atmosphere. Most of the phenomena associated with day to day weather is associated with the troposphere
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True
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At the Intertropical Convergence Zone, warm moist air rises and cooler drier air near 30 degrees latitude. This air circulations is called:
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The Hadley Cell
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What event (or events) most frequently occurs in the darkly shaded regions on the above map?
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Tornadoes and hail
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To avoid the massive amount of snow she receives in Michigan each year, your grandmother wants to move to Ohio. Should she move to:
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Northwestern Ohio
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T/F: The enhanced Fujita scale describes wind damage related to tornadoes. The most destructive tornadoes are EFO.
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False
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After graduation you plan to take a year off chasing tornadoes. You move to:
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Tulsa, Oklahoma
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T/F: Albedo is the absorptivity of a body, for the earth, the number reflects how much solar radiation the earth absorbs, as opposed to the amount reflected
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False
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The angle of repose is the:
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Steepest angle granular material can maintain without sliding
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External energy from the sun is
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4000 times greater than the internal energy of the earth
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Which type of material has the highest angle of repose?
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Angular boulders
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What does water do when added to solid or sediment that may cause a landslide?
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Water adds weight to the system & decreases the friction between sediment grains
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Which situation does not make a landslide more likely:
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Actually all of these situations could make a landslide more likely (A heavy rainstorm saturates the ground with water, a wildfire burns plants and trees in the mountains, plate tectonics causing mountains to get steeper over time, dipping shale or clay layers)
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The landslide at Vaiont Dam was triggered by many factors, but one factor was NOT:
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An earthquake
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Tsunamis are most prevalent in
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The Pacific Ocean
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About how many people live on Earth today?
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7 billion
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(Refer to picture) Modern humans appeared at:
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Event Y or Z (200,000 yrs ago)
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What are the odds you might die in a natural disaster?
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Much, much less than 1%
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|
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Which of the following is true about the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere?
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The lithosphere is made up of crust and upper mantle
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|
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T/F: Elastic deformation is permanent.
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False
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The inner core is a 2450km diameter _______ mass with temperatures up to 4300C (7770F)
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Solid
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|
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Which of the following is true?
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Mid-ocean ridges are areas where oceanic crust is formed
|
|
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Which of the following is NOT true?
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Subduction zones are areas where ocean floor rocks are formed
|
|
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Along which type of lithospheric plate boundaries are earthquakes common?
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Convergent, divergent, and transform
|
|
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Why does oceanic lithosphere almost always sink beneath continental lithosphere at convergent plate boundaries?
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Oceanic lithosphere is denser than continental lithosphere
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The San Andreas Fault in California is _____
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A transform fault
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What is a transform fault characterized by?
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Lithospheric plates sliding past each other
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The magnetic stripes of the seafloor are considered evidence of periodic reversals of the polarity of the earth’s magnetic field and ______
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Seafloor spreading at mid ocean ridges
|
|
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Who proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 1900s?
|
Alfred Wegener
|
|
|
The average rate of plate motion is:
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2 cm/year
|
|
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The oldest rocks on the ocean floor are how old?
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180 million years
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The hypocenter of an earthquake is:
|
The point beneath the earth’s surface at which the first movement/break occurs along a fault
|
|
|
Strike-slip faults:
|
Have mainly horizontal movement
|
|
|
Using the principles of Steno and Hutton, determine the relative age relationship of the above rock sequence from the oldest to youngest:
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E,C,B,D,A
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|
|
A large number of earthquakes occur each year worldwide. Most of these have magnitudes:
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<3.0
|
|
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The rate of decay of radioactive elements is often expressed as a half-life. If the amount of radioactive element is 1/8 the amount originally present, how many half-lives have elapsed?
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3
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The Richter scale is set up so that for every _____ increase in the amplitude of the recorded shear waves, the Richter magnitude increases one number, eg. From 4-5
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Ten-fold
|
|
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The footwall is:
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Block A
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|
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The fault is:
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A normal fault under tension
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|
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T/F: The fault is right lateral:
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True
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This type of wave does not travel through liquids and gasses
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S-waves and ?? (B and C)
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Which of the following seismic waves produces compression dilation parallel to the direction of wave propagation as it passes through?
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P wave
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You are an architect who specializes in designing buildings that can withstand mega thrust (the biggest type) earthquakes. Where in the US should he move after graduate school to get the best business?
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Seattle, WA
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T/F: The Loma Prieta earthquake is an example of a strike slip event on the San Andreas fault.
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True
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Which state accounts for the greatest percentage of all US earthquakes of magnitude 3.5 or above?
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Alaska
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|
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The great Basin region between the eastern Sierra Nevada in California and the Wasatch Mountains in Utah __________ in response to plate tectonic forces.
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Has expanded in an east west direction
|
|
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T/F: The Juan de Fuca plate is subducting between North America at the Juan de Fuca subduction zone.
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True
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Earthquake prediction methods have significantly improved over the last decades. We can now predict the occurrence of an earthquake at a _____ given:
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Actually, earthquake prediction has not really improved.
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Why is the area of land damaged by the 1811 New Madrid fault (in the Midwest) quake so much greater than the 1906 San Francisco.
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The intensity of the New Madrid quake was amplified by the thick packed sediment in the region
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T/F: Magma viscosity increases with increasing silica content.
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True
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A composite volcano has a larger ______ than a shield volcano.
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Height compared to its width
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The most peaceful eruptions are _____
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Icelandic type eruptions
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|
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Igneous rocks with large minerals, like granite, form:
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Slowly inside the earth
|
|
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T/F: Magma at deep depths does not contain gas bubbles because the high pressure at depth keep the gas dissolved in solution.
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True
|
|
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(Refer to Picture) At which location on the above figure could magma erupt and new rock be formed?
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A & C
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|
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(Refer to picture) Location A is probably the site of a ___
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Mid ocean ridge
|
|
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Active volcanos today in Oregon and Washington, including Mt. St. Helens result from ____
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The subduction of the Juan De Fuca plate beneath the North American Plate
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|
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T/F: It is virtually impossible for ships out at sea to survive a passing tsunami.
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False
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Granite and Rhyolite are both light colored. Basalt is dark colored. Rhyolite and Basalt both have small minerals and granite has large minerals. From the information give, which igneous rocks cooled at similar rates?
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Rhyolite and basalt
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(Refer to picture) The islands above were formed by a hot spot. The arrow indicated the direction of the plate motion. Which letter best shows the current location of the hot spot?
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A
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St. Pierre, a city in the Caribbean, was completely destroyed by ________ from a volcanic eruption of Mt. Pelee.
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Pyroclastic flow
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Which word does NOT fit the following set of words describing a single volcano? Mafic, basalt, shield, explosive
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Explosive
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Felsic igneous rocks:
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Are light colored, can have a high viscosity
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Flood basalts do not have:
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A central cone
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T/F: Yellowstone is an example of both a continental hot spot and a super volcano.
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True
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Tsunami is most likely created at what type of plate boundaries?
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Convergent
|
|
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Tsunami typically have ______ relative to wind blown waves.
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Long periods and long wavelengths
|
|
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Tsunamis are most prevalent in:
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The Pacific Ocean
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Detailed mapping of the Hawaiian Islands revealed a previously unrecognized tsunami source. What did geologists discover on the seafloor in this area?
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Slumps and landslides formed by volcano flank collapse
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T/F: Air on a muggy, 90-degree day air is less dense than on a 90-degree day with dry air.
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True
|
|
|
If more greenhouse gasses are in the atmosphere, this causes:
|
Radiated heat to be trapped for a longer period of time in the atmosphere.
|
|
|
The angle of repose is the:
|
Steepest angle granular material can maintain without sliding
|
|
|
When water vapor condenses, it:
|
Releases latent heat
|
|
|
The inside of a tornado funnel has ______
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Low atmospheric pressure
|
|
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(Refer to picture) What events most frequently occur in the darkly shaded region on the above map?
|
Tornados and hail
|
|
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To avoid the massive amount of snow she receives in Michigan each year, your grandmother moves to northeastern Ohio. Is this a good idea?
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No
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T/F: Albedo is the absorptivity of a body: for the earth this number reflects how much solar radiation the earth absorbs, as opposed to the amount of sun reflected.
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False
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Which type of natural disaster will not increase because of global warming?
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Tsunami
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Since the 1950’s, the average global surface temperature rose about:
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0.5 C
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T/F: Volcanic eruptions generally warm climate, but only for a short period of time.
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False
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During a glaciation, you would expect ______ relative to an interglacial.
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Higher oxygen-18 in the ocean and a higher oxygen-16 in the glacier.
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What are the likely results of the current increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the next one hundred years?
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Glaciers will continue to melt and sea level will continue to rise
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T/F: Super storm Sandy was especially devastating to the east coast because Sandy’s landfall coincided with high tide.
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True
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Mars has a thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide. If the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, what would best describe what is happening on Mars?
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It has both greenhouse effect and global warming
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T/F: The mass extinction at the end of the Permian (about 250 mya) was the greatest in Earth’s history.
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True
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Your friend tells you that sunspots are the cause of global warming we’ve seen since the 1950’s. You tell your friend about what your learned in natural disasters, which is:
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Sunspots do have a warming effect on earth’s temp., but they are slight.
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T/F: Ohio currently gets about 80% of its electricity from coal-fired power plants.
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True
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Which electricity source has excellent resource potential in Ohio and has a low carbon footprint?
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Wind
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T/F: Driving through a flood is generally okay as long as it does not cover most of your car.
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False
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Statistically, the 20-year flood has a _______ percent chance of occurring in any given year.
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5
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In the late spring and summer of 1993, the upper Mississippi River basin experience record high floods. However, the floodwater mass did not significantly affect the lower Mississippi basin because _____.
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The southern levees were built higher during summer before the water got there.
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Killer floods are typically NOT caused by which of the following:
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High rainfall over a large region lasting many months
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T/F: Floods with large reoccurrence interval happen less frequently.
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True
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Ohio State decided to increase the amount of wetlands in near the Olentangy river so that the water can more easily soak into the ground. How will that effect the duration and height of the flood?
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Floods will occur less frequently and will be less high
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What evidence leads scientists to believe Curiosity discovered a streambed on Mars in an uplifted outcrop?
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Rounded rocks of many different colors
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A hydrograph is a plot of _____
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Volume of water or stream surface height versus time
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Which of the following does not determine the size of an impact crater on the… ?
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Actually, all of the above are correct (size, density, velocity of meteorite, type of surface of the meteor hits)
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(Refer to picture) the above picture is:
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A comet
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Critical evidence for the Cretaceous-Tertiary bound impact included
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A iridium anomaly in a thin layer of rock 65 million years old
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The number of objects entering Earth’s atmosphere are related to their size:
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The smaller the meteoroids, the greater their abundance
|
|
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Why are there so many more impact craters visible on the Moon than on Earth?
|
There aren’t really more impacts on the Moon, just more visible craters. Many craters on the earth are destroyed by erosion and plate tectonics, or obscured by vegetation or sedimentation.
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The early earth had:
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Much more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
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T/F: All else being equal, average velocity of water increases as gradient increases.
|
True
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T/F: Sea level is currently rising about 2cm/year
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False
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Planet Q is discovered orbiting Alpha centauri. Its day is 15 hours long and its moon revolves around it in 180 hours. How many hours apart are high tides on Planet Q.
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7.5 hours
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The rapid rotation of the earth results in all large moving air masses in the Northern Hemisphere sliding off their ____-hand scale, when viewed from their location of origin, and all moving bodies of air in the southern hemisphere veering toward their ____.
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Right; left
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(Refer to picture) The above hurricane/cyclone/typhoon system occurs:
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In the southern hemisphere
|
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T/F: Changes in climate are visible from one year to the next.
|
False
|
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A hurricane makes landfall in northern Florida. The most significant effect of the storm surge occurs:
|
North of the landfall in Georgia and South Carolina
|
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You find what you think is a dinosaur bone at a rock quarry. The best way to find out the age of this bone is:
|
Potassium argon dating of the surrounding volcanic layers
|
|
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T/F: We can certainly say that hurricane sandy is a direct result of climate change.
|
False
|
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Over the last 65 million years since the death of the dinosaurs, the earth has been:
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Mostly warmer than today
|
