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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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climate |
the study of the atmospheric conditions over a long period of time. |
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water |
- is one factor used to descrive climate - is one of earths most important natural resources - covers approx 70% of the earths surface - 2.8% of this is fresh water - 2.2 of this is fresh water |
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water cycle = |
hydrologic cycle |
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water cycle |
fueled by solar energy... recycles nature's water... most of the water in the atmosphere comes form the evaporation of ocean water |
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no pores in what |
rock |
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no spaces in rock ----> means H2O cant what |
infiltrate |
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one form of solid rock is what |
bedrock |
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when precipition falls to the land, the water can do how many things |
4 |
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Be stored (or retained) on the surface of land as snow or ice or water on the leaves called what |
water retention |
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infiltrate (or sink into) the lithosphere (land)... becoming what |
subsurface (ground) water |
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flow over the earth's surface and be called what |
runoff (this is 1/3 of the water in the cycle) |
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go through the process of what and / or what |
transpiration and / or sublimation (S --> G) |
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how many effects the infiltration of water into the ground |
7 |
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slope of the what
as the slope increases |
land (gradient)
the amt. of infiltration decreases |
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the degreee of what |
saturation |
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as the land becomes more saturated infiltration does what |
decreases |
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capilarity is the force that deos what and this action helps supply plant's roots with what |
pulls water upward through the ground
water |
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prosparity of the soil is the percentage of what |
the % of open space in the soil |
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if the pore spaces are large infiltration will do what |
increase |
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S.A. decreases friction decreases infiltration does what |
increases |
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permeability the rate at which the water passes through the what |
soil |
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as soil particle size increases permiability increases and infiltration will do what |
increase |
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water will go through large soil particles faster than what |
smaller particles |
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small pores decrease infiltration large pores do what |
increase infiltration |
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particle size decreases than permiability does what |
decreases |
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size doesnt affect what |
porosity |
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vegetation reduces the velocity of what |
precipitation |
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if infiltration increases than runoff does what |
decreases |
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land use urban areas have _________ infiltration and rural areas could have __________________ infiltration |
both increase and decrease |
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what are the factors affect porosity |
- shape of the soil particles - how packed the soil particles are - are they sorted or unsorted |
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shape of soil particles can be what or what |
round or angular |
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does the size of the particles affect the porosity of the soil |
no the only thing that effects the porosity is shape, packed, and sorted |
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can a material be porous and impermeable |
yes when it is has snow that is frozen covering it it is impermeable when it is not frozen it is porous |
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runoff |
excess water that didnt infiltrate and runs off the surface of the land |
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stream discharge |
the volume of water flowing in a stream |
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as runoff increases stream discharge does what |
increases |
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runoff occurs when |
- rate of precipitation > rate of permeability - the pore space in the soil is saturated - the slope of the land is too great for infiltration to occur - the water of the surface hasn't yet evaporated nor sublimated... making ground somewhat impereable |
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runoff goes into the streams and eventually can make it in to the what |
oceans |
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flooding will occur if |
- precipitation > infiltration - a stream overflows - the sea level rises... ex. during hurricane |
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if flood occurs do what |
find higher ground |
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how many factors affect the climate |
8 |
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what are the factors that affect the climate |
- latitude - large bodies of water - prevailing winds - surface ocean currents - elevation - mountains - vegetation - cloud coverage
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latitude |
affects the temp. and moisture of an area... as well as climate patterns |
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as latitude increases average temps will do what |
decrease |
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as Lat. increases (from 0 - 45 N) the yearly temp. range will do what |
increase |
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as Lat increases yearly temp. range increases
this occurs why |
because the upper latitudes have a greater amount of change in duration of insolation during the year |
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marine climates have a smaller yearly what |
temperature range |
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continental climates have a larger yearly what |
temperature range |
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large bodies of water do what |
modify the climate |
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marine climate have what |
cooler summers & warmer winters
* smaller temp. range |
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continental climate |
warmer summers & cooler winters
* greater temp. range |
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west coast of the us generally has a what climate |
marine |
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the east coast of the us generally has a what climate (exept near the shore) |
continental |
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prevailing winds |
moving air over the earth that blows in the same direction most of the time |
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precailing winds are caused by what |
- air pressure differences (unequal healing) - effected by the earths rotation (corialis effect) |
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south westerly wind is the prevailing winds for the most what |
of the us |
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the prevailing SW gennerally move ______ pressure systems from the SW to the NE causing __________ or _____________ which help meteoroligists predict the weather |
Low
tracks storm paths |
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prevailing winds are responsible for what |
lake effect snow in buffalo ny and oswiego ny
monsoons of SE asia (india) wet summers and dry winters |
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cold surface ocean currents are |
currents flowing away from the equator carry warmer waters (currents) to higher latitudes resulting in aan increase chance of precipitation |
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warm surface ocean currents are |
currents flowing towards the equator carry cooler waters (currents) to lower latitudes resulting in a decrease chance of precipitation |
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elevation as elecation increases temp decreases and the chance for precipitation does what |
increases |
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as air rises it does what |
expands and cools |
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there are less green house gasses where |
up in the atmosphere |
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air rising and less greenhouse gasses result in what |
decrease absorbtion of infared radiation |
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mountains |
the orographic effects |
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the champlain lowlands get less precipitation because why |
they are on the leeward side of the adirondack mts. |
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the hudson highlands can affect the hudson valley in 2 ways what are they |
causing snow in the valley and cold air stays north & warm air stays south in NYC
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jobs of a mountain are to |
- intersect (get in the way of ) prevailing winds causing "O" effect as in the champlain lowlands
- to act as a barrier (block!) to moving air masses, preventing cold / warm air from crossing to the "other side"... like with the hudson highlands |
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vegetation is determained by what |
the climate |
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arid climate has what vegitation |
desert like |
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hot / humid climate has what vegitation |
tropical like vegitaiton |
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what happens if I cut down the trees in a large area |
it would cause deforestation |
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deforistation impacts climat by increasing temps and doing what to humidity |
decreasing |
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runoff increases so transpiration decreases insolation reaching earth does what |
increases |
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what is it called when people want to build a city |
it is called urbanization |
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urbanization is the same as what |
deforistation |
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as cloud coverage decreases atmospheric transparency (clearness) does what |
increases |
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atmospheric transparency (clearness) increases so that the amount of insolation reaching earth increases and the temp does what |
increase |
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why isnt the equator the hottes area of the earth |
it is a wet belt |
