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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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geology
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the study of the origin, history & structure of the Earth & the process that shapes the earth.
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oceanography
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the scientific study of the sea.
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meterorology
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the scientific study of the Earth's atmosphere, especially in relationship to weather & climate.
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astronomy
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the study of the universe
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What are the four major branches of Earth science?
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geology, oceanography, meteorolgy, and astronomy
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What are some other areas of science that are linked to Earth Science?
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environmental scienc, geochemistry, ecology, geography, cartography
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Name some careers that are associated with branches of Earth science.
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volcanologist, seismologist, paleontologist, oceanographer, meteorologist, astronomer
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map
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a representation of the features of a physical body such as Earth.
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true north
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the direction to the geographic North Pole.
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magnetic declination
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the difference between the magnetic north & the true north.
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latitude
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the distance north or south of the equator; expressed in degrees.
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equator
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the imaginary circle 1/2 way between the poles that divides the Earth into the northern and southern hemispheres.
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longitude
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the distance east and west from the prime meridian; expressed in degrees.
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prime meridian
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the meridian, or line of longitude, that is designated as zero degrees longitude.
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Is true north the direction to the geographic North Pole?
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Yes
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Can the magnetic north pole ever change?
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Yes, it may change over time.
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Latitude line run from what to what?
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east to west
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Longitude lines run from what to what?
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north and south
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cylindrical projection
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a map projection that is made by moving the surface features of the glove onto a cylinder.
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conic projection
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a map projection that is made by moving the surface features of the globe onto a cone.
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azimuthal projection
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a map projection that is made by moving the surface features of the globe onto a plane.
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remote sensing
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the process of gathering & analyzing information about an
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What happens when information is moved from a curved surface to a flat surface?
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distortion occurs.
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What are the 3 main types of projection used to show Earth's surface on a flat map?
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cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal projections.
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What type of maps are used to show the area of a piece of land in relation to the area of other landmasses & oceans?
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Equal-area maps
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What are the 5 main things that a map should contain?
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title, a scale, a legend, a compass rose, and a date.
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Modern mapmakers use remote sensing technology. Name two.
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satellite and radar
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What does GPS stand for?
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Global positioning system
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What does GPS do?
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it is a system of satellites that can help you determine your location no matter where you are.
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What does GIS stand for?
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Geographical information system.
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What is a GIS?
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a computerized system that allows mapmakers to store and use many types of information about an area.
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topographic map
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a map that shows the surface features of the earth.
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elevation
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the height of an object above sea level.
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contour line
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a line that connects points of equal elevation.
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contour interval
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the difference in elevation between one contour line and the next.
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relief
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the variations in elevation of a land surface.
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index contour
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on a map, a darker, heavier contour line that indicates a change in elevation.
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What are contour lines used for?
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to show elevation and landforms by connecting points of equal elevation.
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How is the contour interval determined?
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by the relief of an area.
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Do contour lines ever cross?
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no
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How are contour lines shaped when they cross a valley or stream?
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they are V shaped and point upstream.
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How are contour lines shaped when they show tops of hills, mountains, and depressions?
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by closed circles
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habitat
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an environment that provides the things a specific organism needs to live, grow, and reproduce.
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groundwater
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water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers.
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water cycle
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the continued movement of water amoung Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces through evaporation.
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evaporation
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the process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change to gas.
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transpiration
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the process when water is given off through the leaves as water vapor.
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precipitation
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any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches the Earth's surface; rain, sleet, hail, etc.
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What is required of all living things in order to carry out their body processes?
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water
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What percent of the Earth's surface is water?
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roughly 97 percent
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What percentage of water is fresh water?
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3 percent
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In the water cycle, explain how water moves.
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it moves between land, living things, bodies of water on Earth's surface, and the atmosphere.
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Tributary
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a stream or river that flows into a larger river.
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watershed
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the land area that supplies water to a river system.
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divide
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a ridge of land that seperates one watershed from another.
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reservoir
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a lake that stores water for human use.
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eutrophication
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the buildup over time of nutrients in freshwater lakes and ponds that leads to an increase in growth of algae.
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impermeable
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a characteristic of materials, such as clay and granite through which water does not easily pass.
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permeable
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a characteristic of materials which water passes through easily.
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unsaturated zone
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the layer of rocks and soil above the water table in which the pores contain as well as water.
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water table
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the top of the saturated zone, or depth to groundwater under Earth's surface.
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aquifer
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an underground layer of rock or sediment that holds water.
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artesian well
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a well in which water rises because of pressure within the aquifer.
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How can people obtain groundwater from an aquifer?
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by drilling a well below the water table.
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How does water move underground?
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it trickles down between particles of soil and through cracks in layers of rock.
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wetland
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a land area that is covered with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the year.
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What are the three most common types of freshwater wetlands?
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marshes, swamps, and bogs.
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Why are wetlands able to provide habitats for many living things?
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because of their sheltered water and rich supply of nutrients.
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Why are welands important to people?
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Wetlands act as a natural water filter. They also help control floods by absorbing extra runoff from heavy rains.
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