Earth Science Review Book Chapter 3

Front 1

The physical properties of a mineral are largely due to its

Back 1

1 volume
2 organic composition
*3 internal arrangement of atoms*
4 melting point

Front 2

Why do diamond and graphite have different physcial properties, even though they are both composed entirely of the element carbon?

Back 2

1 only diamond contains radioactive carbon
2 only graphite consists of organic material
*3 The minerals have different arrangements of carbon atoms.*
4 The minerals have undergone different amounts of weathering.

Front 3

According to the ESRT, what are the four most abundant elements, by volume, in the Earth's crust?

Back 3

*1 oxygen, potassium, sodium, and calcium*
2 hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and potassium
3 aluminum, iron, silicon, and magnesium
4 aluminum, calcium, hydrogen, and iron

Front 4

Two mineral samples have different physical properties but each contains silicate tetrahedrons as its basic structural unit. What statement about the two mineral smaples must be true?

Back 4

1 They have the same density.
2 They are similar in appearence.
*3 They contain silicon and oxygen.*
4 They are the same mineral

Front 5

Which mineral has a different color in its powdered form then in its original form?
(diagram on page 53)

Back 5

*1 pyrite*
2 graphite
3 kaolinite
4 magnetite

Front 6

Which mineral contains iron, has a metallic luster, is hard, and has the same color and strak?
(diagram on page 53)

Back 6

1 biotite mica
2 galena
3 kaolinite
*4 magnetie*

Front 7

Which mineral would most likely be weathered (broken up) the most after being placed in a container and shaken for 10 minutes?
(diagram on page 53)

Back 7

1 pyrite
2 quartz
3 magnetite
*4 kaolinite*

Front 8

Which mineral is an ore of iron and has a characteristic reddish brown streak?
(diagram on page 53)

Back 8

1 magnetite
2 pyrite
*3 hematite*
4 olivine

Front 9

Which observation about an igneous rock would support the inference that the rock cooled slowly underground?

Back 9

1 The rock has well-defined layers.
*2 The rock has large crystals.*
3 The rock is about 50% feldspar.
4 The rock is light in color and low in density.

Front 10

Most igneous rocks contain

Back 10

1 recrystallized minerals
*2 intergrown crystals*
3 sediments
4 fossils

Front 11

Most igneous rocks form by which processes?

Back 11

*1 melting and solidfication*
2 heat and pressure
3 erosion adn deposition
4 compaction and cementation

Front 12

Which graph best represents the relationship between the length of time molten magma takes to cool and the size of the crystals in the rock formed by magma?
(diagram on page 58)

Back 12

answer-3

Front 13

What is the principal factor that determines the size of the crystals that will result when hot molten rock material (magma) cools to form igneous rock?

Back 13

*1 the rate at which the magma cools*
2 the amount of aluminum in the magma
3 the percentage of felspar in the magma
4 the density of the magma

Front 14

The igneous rock Obsidian's glassy texture indicates that it formed from a magma that cooled

Back 14

1 slowly deep below Earth's surface
2 slowly, on the Earth's surface
3 quickly, deep below Earth's surface
*4 quickly on Earth's surface*

Front 15

What two igneous rock could have the same mineral compostion?

Back 15

1 rhyolite and diorite
2 pumice and scoria
3 peridotite and andesite
*4 gabbro and basalt*

Front 16

According to the ESRT which is a fine-grained igneous rock made up primarily of pyroxene and plagiolclase feldspar?

Back 16

1 gabbro
*2 basalt*
3 granite
4 rhyolite

Front 17

Sand collected at a beach contains a mixture of pyroxene, olivine, amphibole, and plagioclase felspar. According to the ESRT, the rock from which this mixture of sand came is best described as

Back 17

*1 dark colored with a mafic composition*
2 dark colored with a felsic compostion
3 light colored with a mafic composition
4 light colored with a felsic composition

Front 18

According to the ESRT rhyolite and granite are alike in that they both are

Back 18

1 fine grained
2 dark colored
3 mafic
*4 felsic*

Front 19

According to the ESRT, which characteristic determines whether a rock is classified as a shale, a siltstone, a sandstone, or a conglomerate?

Back 19

1 the absolute age of the sediments within the rock
2 the mineral compossiton of the sediments within the rock
*3 the particle size of the sediments within the rock*
4 the density of the sediments within the rock

Front 20

According to the ESRT some sedimentary rocks form as the direct results of theq

Back 20

1 solidification of molten magma
2 freezing of material
3 melting of minerals
* 4 cementation of rock frangments*

Front 21

According to the ESRT which sedimentary rock is composed of fragmented skeletons and shells of sea organisms compacted and cemented together?

Back 21

1 shale
*2 limestone*
3 sandstone
4 gypsum

Front 22

Which statement correctly describes the distribution of sedimentary rocks on Earht?

Back 22

1 Sedimentary rock layeers are thickest in the middle of the oceans.
2 Sedimentary rocks extend down into Earth's crust as far as the inner core
3 Sedimentary rocks are usually located in volcanic regions.
*4 Sedimentary rocks usually form a thin layer over large areas of the continents.

Front 23

According to the ESRT. which is a sedimentary rock that forms as a result of precipitation from seawater?

Back 23

1 conglomerate
*2 gypsum*
3 basalt
4 shale

Front 24

One similarity between a sand pile and sandstone is that they

Back 24

1 contain a cementing agent
2 always contain fossils
3 have crystalline structure
*4 are composed of sediments*

Front 25

Which property best describes a rock which has formed from sediments?

Back 25

1 crystalline structure
2 distorted structure
3 banding or zoning of minerals
*4 fragmented particles arranged in layers*

Front 26

Which rock is formed when rock fragments are deposited and cemented together?

Back 26

1 dolostone
*2 sandstone*
3 rhyolite
4 gabbro

Front 27

Which is most likely a nonsedimentary rock?

Back 27

1 a rock containing fossil shells
2 a rock showing ripple marks and cracks
3 a rock composed of layers of gravel cemented together
*4 a rock consisting of large intergrown crystals*

Front 28

Rock layers showing ripple marks, cross-bedding, and fossil shells indicate that these layers were formed

Back 28

1 from solidfication of molten material
2 from deposites left by s continental ice sheet
3 by high temperature and pressure
*4 by deposition of sediments in a shallow sea*

Front 29

Which diagram best represents a sample of the metamorphic tock gneiss?
(diagram on page 66)

Back 29

answer-4

Front 30

The metamorphism of a sandstone rock will cause rock

Back 30

1 to be melted
2 to contain more fossils
*3 to become dense*
4 to occupy a greater volume

Front 31

Which properties are most often used to distinguish metamorphic rocks from other kinds of rocks?

Back 31

1 organic compositon and density
*2 banding and distortion of structure*
3 mineral and color hardness
4 layering and range of particle sizes

Front 32

The recrystallization of unmelted material under high pressure and temperature results in

Back 32

*1 metamorphic rock*
2 sedimentary rock
3 igneous rock
4 volcanic rock

Front 33

What characteristic of rocks tends to increase as the rock are metamorphosed?

Back 33

*1 density*
2 volume
3 permeabilty
4 number of fossils present

Front 34

According to the ESRT which sequence of events occur in the formation of sedimentary rock?
(diagram on page 68)

Back 34

answer-1

Front 35

Why is the conglomerate rock shown below good evidence that rocks form from other rocks?
(diagram on page 69)

Back 35

*1 The conglomerate contains some nonsedimentary rock fragments.*
2 The conglomerate was formed from material that was buried deep underground.
3 The conglomerate's pebbles are all weathering at the same rate.
4 The conglomerate was formed by the cooling of molten rock material.

Front 36

Which statement is supported by the info. in the rock Cycle Diagram in the ERST?

Back 36

*1 Metamorphic rock results directly from heat and/or pressure.*
2 Sedimentary rock can only be formed from igneous rock.
3 Igneous rock never results from melting and solidification.
4 All sediments turn directly into sedimentary rock.

Front 37

Most igneous rocks form by which process?

Back 37

*1 melting and solidfication*
2 heat and pressure
3 erosion and deposition
4 compaction and cementation

Front 38

Some sedimentary rocks are composed of rock fragments which had different origins. Which statement best describes why this could occur?

Back 38

1 Fossils are often found in sedimentary rock.
*2 Sedimentary rocks form from the weathered products of any type of rock.*
3 When molter lava solidifies to form sedimentary rock, it often contains foriegn particles.
4 Under high heat and pressure , recrustallization results in the formation of many minerals.

Front 39

Which statement about the formation of a rock is best supported by the rock cycle?

Back 39

1 Magma must be weathered before it can change to metamorphic rock.
*2 Sediment must be compacted and cemented before it can change to sedimentary rock.*
3 Sedimentary rock must melt before it can change to metamophic rock.
4 Metamorphic rock must melt before it can change o sedimentary rock.

Front 40

Which of the following is a renewable resource?

Back 40

1 lead
*2 water power*
3 fossil fuels
4 plastics

Front 41

Which of the following items we use in our everday life is obtained from a non-renewable resource?

Back 41

1 food
*2 gasoline*
3 oxygen
4 wooden furniture

Front 42

An energy source that would be difficult to use in place of a constant cloud cover is

Back 42

1 water power
2 wind power
*3 solar energy*
4 geothermal energy

Front 43

Which natural resource is used to make plastics?

Back 43

1 sun light
*2 oil*
3 iron
4 lead