Earth Science Test #3

Front 1

Big Bang

Back 1

An incomprehensibly large explosion that sent all matter of the universe flying outward at incredible speeds.

Front 2

Atomic Nucleus

Back 2

Protons and neutrons located in a central nucleus that is surrounded by electrons.

Front 3

Stable isotope

Back 3

Isotopes are defined as atoms whose nucleus contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

Front 4

Atomic number

Back 4

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom are called the atomic number which determines its chemical nature.

Front 5

Nuclear fusion

Back 5

A nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy

Front 6

Unstable isotope

Back 6

Any element having excess of neutrons in the nucleus as compared to the stable form of atom tends to be unstable in nature

Front 7

Atom

Back 7

The smallest particle that cannot be chemically split

Front 8

Element

Back 8

Together a group of the same kind of atoms is called an element

Front 9

Atomic mass

Back 9

The mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units it is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom.

Front 10

Electrons

Back 10

A stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids

Front 11

Isotope

Back 11

equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus In a atom

Front 12

Supernova

Back 12

A star that suddenly increases greatly and brightness because of catastrophic explosion that ejects most of its mass

Front 13

Neutron

Back 13

A subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen

Front 14

Proton

Back 14

A stable some atomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude of that of an electron

Front 15

Quark

Back 15

Building blocks of protons and neutrons.

Front 16

Unstable isotope

Back 16

An isotope with an unstable nucleus which will undergo the process of radiometric decay

Front 17

Big Bang: When?

Back 17

12 to 15 billion years ago it all started with matter and energy existed as a single spark

Front 18

Expansion

Back 18

Extension of everything is referred to as the Big Bang

Front 19

Big Bang: Infinite temperature

Back 19

Since the Big Bang the universe has expanded and cooled temperature

Front 20

Big Bang: Time 10^-32 seconds

Back 20

Number 1: matter separates from energy

Number 2: matter consist of tiny subatomic particles

Front 21

Big Bang: Time 1 to 100 seconds after

Back 21

1. Temperature cold enough to allow court to begin to come together

2. From more familiar particles

-Proton (Has a +1 charge)

-Neutron (Has 0 charge)

Front 22

Big Bang Time: 300,000 years after

Back 22

Besides protons and neutrons what else is present in an atom?

-Electrons (Has -1 charge)

Front 23

Stable and unstable atoms

Back 23

Front 24

Big Bang Time: 1,000,000,000 years after

Back 24

Stars and galaxies begin to form

Front 25

Major elements in the solar system

Back 25

Hydrogen 1

Front 26

Major elements in the solar system number 2

Back 26

Helium 2 (He)

Front 27

Major elements in the solar system number 3

Back 27

C^6 (C) Carbon

Front 28

Major elements in the solar system number 4

Back 28

N^7 (Nitrogen)

Front 29

Major elements in the solar system number 5

Back 29

O^8 (Oxygen)

Front 30

Major elements in the solar system number 6

Back 30

Na^11 (Sodium)

Front 31

Major elements in the solar system number 7

Back 31

Mg^12 (Magnesium)

Front 32

Major elements in the solar system number 8

Back 32

Al^13 (aluminum)

Front 33

Major elements in the solar system number 9

Back 33

Si^14 ( silicon)

Front 34

Major elements in the solar system number 10

Back 34

S^16 (Sulfur)

Front 35

Major elements in the solar system number 11

Back 35

Cl^17 (chlorine)

Front 36

Major elements in the solar system number 12

Back 36

Fe^26 (Iron)

Front 37

Supernova

Back 37

Can outshine the light output of all of these other stars put together

Front 38

Mineral identification: rocks

Back 38

All rocks are composed of one or more minerals

Front 39

5 criterias for identifying minerals

Back 39

1. Is naturally occurring (not artificial)

2. Solid as in not liquid or gas

3. Inorganic as in not living and never was alive

4. Crystalline as in has an orderly repetitive atomic structure

5. Has a definite chemical composition and then you can write a discrete chemical formula for any mineral

Front 40

Luster

Back 40

Luster is the way that a mineral reflects a light

Front 41

Two major types of luster

Back 41

1. Metallic

2. Non-Metallic

Front 42

Metallic luster

Back 42

A mineral with a metallic luster is either shiny because it reflects light like a polished piece of metal, or is looking because it reflects light like a metal rust or a metal tarnish

Front 43

Non metallic luster

Back 43

All other minerals that do not reflect light like some form of metal are said to be non metallic

Front 44

Non metallic luster mineral properties

Back 44

Pearly, silky, waxy, dull, earthy, glassy

Front 45

Streak

Back 45

A mineral's streak is the color of its powder when the mineral is rubbed on square of porcelain called a streak plate

Front 46

Streak is one of the best mineral properties

Back 46

It is best for the recognition of metallic minerals because metallic minerals all have a very dark colored streaks that is nearly always consistent for a given metallic mineral

Front 47

Streak: However it is not useful property

Back 47

It is not a useful property for minerals that have a non metallic luster. Non metallic minerals have either a quiet street or a very light colored street that is not consistent from one sample to the next

Front 48

Hardness

Back 48

The hardness of a mineral is determined by scratching the mineral with a material of known hardness

Front 49

The materials that geologists used to test mineral hardness

Back 49

Are a set of minerals known harness called the Mohs hardness scale it is a signed with 1 to 10 where one of the softest mineral possible and tennis the hardest known mineral

Front 50

Mohs hardness scale 1-5

Back 50

1. Talc

2. Gypsum

3. Calcite

4. Fluorite

5. Apatite

Front 51

Mohs hardness scale 6-10

Back 51

6. Orthoclase

7. Quartz

8. Topaz

9. Corundum

10. Diamond

Front 52

Minerals with a higher hardness number

Back 52

Will scratch all minerals with a lower hardness number. To minerals of the same hardness will scratch each other

Front 53

Mohs hardness scale: soft, medium, and hard

Back 53

1. Can scratch with a fingernail H < (or equal to) 2.5 = Soft

2. Between a fingernail and a steel nail H > 2.5 < (or equal to) 5 = Medium

3. Can scratch a steel nail H > 5 = Hard

Front 54

Cleavage and fracture

Back 54

Minerals are chemical compounds, which means that on an atomic level, they are made up of atoms that are chemically bonded to each other. Some bonds may be weaker and others are stronger

Front 55

Cleavage

Back 55

The ability of a mineral to break along smooth planes of weakness is a physical property called cleavage= smooth surface

Front 56

Fracture

Back 56

Some like cleavage and are said to have furniture instead a fracture surface may appear either grainy and irregular like a piece of broken glass

Front 57

Color

Back 57

Is generally considered a poor criteria for mineral identification. When a mineral is pure it is either clear or white

Front 58

Crystals form

Back 58

Is a near-perfect geometric shape that is the outward expression of the orderly internal atomic structure of a mineral

Front 59

Specific gravity

Back 59

Is the weight of a mineral compared to the weight of an equal volume of water

Front 60

Since the Big Bang what has happened to the universe in terms of temperature and size?

Back 60

It expanded and cooled

Front 61

What conditions are needed for crystal to grow large?

Back 61

Crystals need time to grow large

Front 62

How do geologists determine the hardness of a mineral?

Back 62

The harness of the mineral is determined by scratching the mineral with a material of known hardness. It is called the Mohs hardness

Front 63

What is the complete definition of a mineral?

Back 63

As any naturally occurring in organic salad that possesses an orderly crystalline structure on a definite chemical composition that allows for some variation

Front 64

Why is color a poor property to use when identifying any minerals?

Back 64

Most minerals when absolutely pure are clear and white. Many minerals are colored by trace amounts of impurities present in the environment in which they are formed

Front 65

Know the steps of the universe

Back 65

1. Quark Soup

2. Big Freeze out

3. Parting company

4. First stars and galaxies