Earth Science For General Curriculum Exam

Front 1

Anglo-Saxon word for earth

Back 1

erdaz

Front 2

how long does the solar system take to orbit the center of the milky way?

Back 2

230 million years

Front 3

how long ago was the earth born?

Back 3

4.8 billion years ago

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What are the four giant gas planets?

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Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune and Saturn.

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What is the earth's distance from the sun?

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it is the third

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What are the inner terrestrial planets?

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earth, mercury, venus, and mars.

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Mercury's place and size in universe?

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This planet is the closest to the sun and is the smallest in the solar system.

Front 8

Neptune's distance?

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This planet is the farthest from the sun.

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Which planet is the largest in the solar system?

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Jupiter

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The earths equator circuference

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40,076km or 24,902 miles

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polar circumference of earth

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40,005km or 24, 858miles

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diameter at the equator of the earth

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12,756km or 7,926miles

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diameter at the pole of the earth

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12,714km or 7,900miles

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land surface area of the earth

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29% or 148,326,000km^2 or 57,268,900 square miles

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water surface area of the earth

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71%, 97% sea, 3% fresh, 361,740,000km^2 or 139,668,500 square miles

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mass of the earth

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5.976 times 10^24kg or 6 times 10^21 metric tons

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Which planet is the densest in the solar system?

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earth

Front 18

density of the earth

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5.52g/cm^3 or 5 520kg/m^3

Front 19

What causes the seasons to occur?

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The earth rotates on its axis at a slant as it orbits the Sun.

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Time for earth to orbit the sun

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365 days

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Time for earth to rotate on it's axis

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24 hours

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Distance between the earth and the sun

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150 million km or 93 million miles

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What is the earth made up of?

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Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Nickel, and Carbon.

Front 24

Which way is the earth wider?

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This planet is wider at the equator than from the North to the South Pole.

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Coldest temperature on Earth

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362K, 89.2C, -128.5F Vostok Antartica 1983

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Hottest temperature on earth?

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331K, 58C, 136.4F, Al, Aziziyah, Libya 1922 september

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major components of breathable air?

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78.084% nitrogen and 20.946% oxygen

Front 28

mass of the sun

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1.989 times 10^30kg

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Diameter of the sun

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1,390,000km or 8,637,060 miles

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diameter of the moon

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3,467km or 477,214 miles

Front 31

Distance between Earth and Moon

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384,000km or 238,607 miles

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The largest object in the solar system

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the sun, a star, 99.8% total mass, 78% hydrogen, 20% oxygen, and 2% metals. 8 planets orbit this object.

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eclipses

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This occurs when one celestial object moves into the shadow of another, partially or fully obscuring it from view.

Front 34

surface temperature of sun

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5,800k or 5,526.85 or 9,980F

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core temp of sun

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15,600,000k or 15,327,000c or 27,620,000f

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power produced by fusion reactions in sun

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3.86 times 10^33 ergs of energy

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solar eclipse

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occurs when the moon travels between the sun and the earth during the day and blocks out the sun's light from earth.

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lunar eclipse

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occurs when the moon moves into the Earth's shadow during the night and blocks the moon from the earth.

Front 39

equator tilted at 23.45

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is autumn

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seasons

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summer to the right of the sun, spring to the south of the sun and winter to the east or left of the sun.

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core

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Has a liquid outer and a solid inner. The outer is 2250 km thick, contains iron, which generates a magnetic field, the inner about 1220 km contains nickel.

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mantle

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right below the crust, this section extends down to the outer core, and is composed of an upper and lower. This part is flexible. Upper is 670 km thick and lower is 670-2900km is hot and plastic like.

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crust

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This is the outermost surface of the earth.

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two types of crust

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continental and ocean crust.

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continental crust is composed of

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granite, silicon and aluminum 20-70km

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ocean crust is composed of..

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basalt, silicon and magnesium 5-10 km

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endogenous forces

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internal, tectonic plates example

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exogenous forces

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external include wind and rain erosion, ice glaciers, gravity, waves, and pressure.

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8 major plates

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North American plate, pacific plate, south American plate, Eurasian plate, indian plate, Australian plate, African plate, antartica plate.

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boundaries

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plates meet at, which is the worlds most active volcanoes are located.

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ring of fire

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contained in the pacific plate is the most active and well known of these plate boundaries.

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topography of the earth

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is a product of endogenous and exogenous processes.

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tectonic plates

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the lithosphere is composed of tectonic plates, 100 km thick and consist of continental and ocean crusts. convection currents cause them to move in different directions.

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convection currents

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heat energy from radioactive decay of uranium, potassium, and thorium cause plates to move constantly 2-3 centimeters per a year sliding.

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releif

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is simply the difference in elevation between two points. surface is flat it is called low and some high like mountains.

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rock

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aggregate of one or more minerals.

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mineral

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is an inorganic, natural solid found in nature.

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weathering includes

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wind, rain, wave, and ice erosion.

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igneous rocks

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formed from molten rock deep in the earth.

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three types og igneous rocks

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intrusive, extrusive and pyroclastic.

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intrusive rocks

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large crystals, cooled slowly inside the earth's crust includes granite, granodiorite, diorite, gabbro, and periotite.

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extrusive rocks

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small crystals, cooled rapidly; includes basalt, rhyolite, dacite, and andesite.

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pyroclusive rocks

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volcanic ash and other volcanic debris.

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sedimentary rock

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formed of rocks and minerals resulting from the chemical and physical breakdown of pre-existing rock.

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two types of sedimentary rock

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clastic and chemical

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clastic rocks

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contains rock fragments, feldspar and quartz; include sandstone conglomerates and shale.

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chemical rocks

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formed from minerals in precipitation; include halite, gypsum, anhydrite, and limestone.

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metamorphic rock

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rocks that have been changed into another kind of rock, usually by heat or pressure. marble is an example.

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luster

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how light is reflected

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density

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mass of substance in a given volume, densest rocks gold and platinum, lightest silicates.

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cleavage

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degree of smooth, shiny surface upon breakage. high mica and low mud rock.

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fracture

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appearance of mineral when shattered or broken open. smooth or splintered.

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twinning

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appearance of fine, parallel lines.

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transparency

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in visible light, water clear, opague, transparent, translucent.

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color

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variety, yellow sulphur, red cinnabar, green malachite, blue azurite.

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streak

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color of colored mineral on white; pyrite

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special light effects

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reflection or diffraction of light by twinning, opalescence (rainbow like opal) and laboresence( incredible array of blue color).

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weather

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is everything that occurs in the troposphere at any given time. Day to day weather includes atmospheric temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, density and pressure.

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climate

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average atmospheric conditions over a long period of time or average weather conditions in specific area.

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el nino

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a warm current of water in the pacific ocean that appears every three to seven years, forces energy and moisture into the atmosphere, modifying rainfall and wind.

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global warming

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the average temperature of the earths air and oceans, has been increasing over several decades due to deforestation, gas emissions from burning fossil fuels and solar radiation and volcanoes.

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results of global warming

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changes in precipitation, more subtropical desserts, rising sea levels, glacial retreat and, extreme weather events, major impact on agriculture and food production and extinction of certain species.

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wind

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a movement of gases on a very large scale. convection currents cause this.

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low pressure

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wind moves inwards and upwards

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high pressure

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downward and outwards

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wind erosion

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As wind blows its force seperats and transport soil.

Front 87

soil erosion disturbs

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balance between soil and roots and terrace cultivation and agricultural processes.

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some processes enhance soil erosion

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construction, deforestation, animal grazing, shifting cultivation procedures and fires.

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water erosion causes two kinds

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splash and sheet erosion

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splash erosion

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occurs when rain splashes down and knocks soil particles into the air. example rich particles of soil that have been dislodged during a rainstorm.

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sheet erosion

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particles unearthed via splashing move downhill to cause sheet flooding, when combined with rain and high winds drive sediment and silt down slopes into streams, rivulets and rivers, carrying with it soil nutrients and causing more pores in the Earths surface.

Front 92

water velocity

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increasing erosion, the faster water moves the larger the objects it can move along the way.

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ice

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in moving glaciers, is a powerful erosive force.

Front 94

glacial plucking

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is a form of erosion whereby water under the glacier freezes and breaks off pieces of rock, which are then carried along by the moving glaciers.

Front 95

glaciers abrade

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abrasion cuts into rocks under the glacier, which scoops up the rock like bulldozers.

Front 96

waves

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in oceans and large bodies of water can produce more than 2,000 pounds of pressure/square foot, seriously eroding rocks along the coastline.

Front 97

ocean waves characterized by

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wavelength, period, height and speed.

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wind waves

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occur on the surface of oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, canals, puddles and ponds. range from ripples and rogues.

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wind velocity is

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distance over water the wind has blown

Front 100

tsunamis

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are waves caused by geological ocurences such as volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides, and underwater disturbances.

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tidal waves

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are caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon on the earth, largest waves or rogue waves can reach up to a 100ft.

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tides

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periodic rising and falling of water, are created by the moon's gravity on earth.

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low tide

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is when earth is farthest from the moon.

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high tide

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when moon is closest to the earth.

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convergent boundary

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destructive plate boundary is an actively deforming region where two or more tectonic plates or fragments of the lithosphere move toward one another and collide.

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divergent boundary

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is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other.

example produce rift valleys

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transform fault

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-neither create or destroy lithosphere is a type of fault whose relative motion is predominately horizontal in either sinistral dettral direction.

-hidden in deep oceans.

Front 108

Eight tectonic plates

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North American Plate, Indian Plate, Australian plate, Antarctica Plate, African Plate, Eurasian Plate, South American Plate, and pacific plate

Front 109

Abraham Ortelius

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creator of the first modern Atlas