Earth Science Final

Front 1

scientific method

Back 1

1. state question
2. gather information
3. form hypothesis
4. test hypothesis
5. draw conclusions

Front 2

element

Back 2

a substance with distinct and unique physical characteristics.

Front 3

4 branches of earth science

Back 3

geology
oceanography
meteorology
astronomy

Front 4

geology

Back 4

study of the origin, history, and structure of the solid earth and the processes that shape it

Front 5

oceanography

Back 5

the study of earth's oceans

Front 6

meteorology

Back 6

the study of the earth's atmosphere-weather

Front 7

astronomy

Back 7

the study of the universe beyond the earth

Front 8

observation

Back 8

using the senses to gather information about the world

Front 9

measurement

Back 9

the comparison of some aspect of an object or a phenomenon with a standard unit

Front 10

ecology

Back 10

the study of the geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere acting on biology

Front 11

environmental pollution

Back 11

the contamination of the environment with wastes

Front 12

Meteorite Impact Hypothesis

Back 12

-65 million years ago
-giant meteorite crashed into the earth
-the collision raised enough dust to block the suns rays
-the earth became colder
-plant and animal life began to die (dinos) and became extinct
-the settling dust formed a layer of iridium-rock

Front 13

Doppler Effect

Back 13

the apparent shift in the wavelengths of energy emitted by an energy source moving away from or toward an observer
-stars are moving away>wavelengths are longer>red end
-stars are moving closer>wavelengths are short>blue end

Front 14

Big Bang Theory

Back 14

-all matter and energy sent hurtling outward in a giant cloud
-red shift proves galaxies continuing to move apart
-low levels of energy were detected throughout universe called background radiation

Front 15

theory vs scientific law

Back 15

theory-a hypothesis or a set of hypotheses that is supported by results of experimentation and information
scientific law-a rule that correctly describes a natural phenomenon

Front 16

latitude

Back 16

the angular distance north and south of the equator
RUNS WITH EQUATOR
<-->

Front 17

longitude

Back 17

angular distance, in degrees, east or west of the prime meridian
RUNS WITH MERIDIAN
UP AND DOWN

Front 18

great circle

Back 18

-any circle used to divide the globe into halves
-used to find the shortest distance

Front 19

geomagnetic poles

Back 19

points on earth's surface just above the poles of the imaginary magnet
-tilts with the earth...geomagnetic and geographic aren't the same location

Front 20

magnetic declination

Back 20

the angle between the direction of the geographic pole and the direction of the compass needle

Front 21

mercator projection

Back 21

-straight parallel lines, equal amount of space
-accurate at equator
-distorts distance between regions of land and distorts the size of areas near the pole

Front 22

gnomonic projection

Back 22

-meridians appear as straight lines
-from a central point of contact
-parallels are unevenly spaced
-accurate at point of contact
-distortion in direction and distance as distance from point of contact increases

Front 23

conic projection

Back 23

-meridians converge at poles
-parallels are equally spaced
-point of contact distorted the least

Front 24

3 map scales

Back 24

verbal-one centimeter equals one kilometer
fractional-remains the same with any unit of measurement
graphic-printed line divided into parts and labeled

Front 25

topographic map

Back 25

map showing surface features

Front 26

elevation

Back 26

-height above sea level
-measured by mean sea level

Front 27

contour lines

Back 27

-used to show elevation
-connects all points on the map that have the same elevation
-reflects the shape of the land

Front 28

contour interval

Back 28

difference in elevation between one contour line and the next

Front 29

relief

Back 29

the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points of the area
-shows the general shape of the land above sea level

Front 30

index contours

Back 30

-every 5th line is bold
-labeled by elevation

Front 31

hydroshpere

Back 31

-all earth's water
-71% of earth is water
-97% of water is salty ocean
-3% fresh water in lakes...

Front 32

atmosphere

Back 32

-blanket of gases surrounding the earth
-78% nitrogen
-21% oxygen
-1% other gases

Front 33

seismic waves

Back 33

-vibrations that travel through the earth
-earthquakes and explosions
-study interior

Front 34

crust

Back 34

-thin, outermost layer of the earth
-oceanic crust: 5km to 10km
-continental crust: 32km-70km

Front 35

mantle

Back 35

-below crust
-2,870km thick
-lithosphere and asthenosphere
-convects

Front 36

lithosphere

Back 36

-solid, uppermost portion
-65km-100km

Front 37

asthenosphere

Back 37

-200km
-heat and pressure
-plasticity:ability to flow

Front 38

core

Back 38

-iron
-outer is liquid 2190km
-inner is solid 2680km

Front 39

P waves and S waves

Back 39

P waves
-liquids, solids, and gases
-faster than S
S waves
-solids only
Both
-travel faster in more rigid material
-change speed and direction through changes of layers

Front 40

Moho

Back 40

-speed of seismic waves increases and marks the boundary of crust and mantle
-mantle denser than crust
-decrease is lithosphere and asthenosphere(less rigid)
-P waves slow and speed up in outer through inner core

Front 41

shadow zones

Back 41

-locations on surface where S waves and P waves are NOT detected or ONLY P waves
-occur when material aren't rigid and cause waves to change direction or hault
-S waves do not reach the opposite side of earth + stopped by liquid outer core
-P waves bend as it moves through each layer

Front 42

gravity

Back 42

-force of attraction existing on all matter in the universe
-Isaac Newton made law

Front 43

law of gravitation

Back 43

force of attraction on any 2 objects depends on their masses and the distance between them

Front 44

mass vs weight

Back 44

mass-amount of matter in an object
weight-measure of strength of the pull of gravity

Front 45

continental drift
Alfred Wegener
1912

Back 45

-continents were all a single land mass called Pangaea and surrounded by the ocean Panthalassa
-scientist didn't accept because force of the movement wasn't explained

Front 46

continental drift hypothesis

Back 46

-similar coast lines of continents
-FOSSIL:uncovered fossils of similar plants and animals of adjoining parts of Pangaea
-GEOLOGICAL: age and type of rocks in coastal regions of widely separated regions also mountains continue on landmasses across the oceans
-CLIMATE:debris of glaciers found in warm climates
-GEO:deposits of coal and minerals