Earth Science Final

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aa

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A slow moving type of lava that hardens to form rough chunks;cooler then pahoehoe

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Aftershock

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An earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area

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Alloy

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A solid mixture of two or more elements at least one of which is a metal

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Anticline

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An upward fold in rock formed by compression of Earth's crust

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Inorganic

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Substances that minerals cannot form from

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Crystal

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The repeating pattern of a minerals particles. A crystal has flat sides called faces that meet at a sharp edges and corners

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Streak

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The color of a minerals powder

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Luster

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The term used to describe how light is reflected from a minerals surface

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Density

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Density equals mass divided by volume

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Hardness scale

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a scale that ranks ten minerals from softest to hardest

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Cleavage

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A mineral that splits easily along flat surfaces

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Fracture

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How minerals look when they break apart in an irregular way

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Gemstones

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A hard colorful mineral that has a brilliant or glassy luster

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Ore

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A rock that contains a metal or other useful minerals that can be mined and sold at a profit

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Compound

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A substance in which two or more elements are chemically joined

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Element

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A substance in which all the atoms are the same and cannot be broken down into other substances

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Mineral

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A naturally occurring inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition

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Organic Rock

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Sedimentary rock that forms from remains of organisms deposited in thick layers

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Metamorphic rock

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Is created when existing rock is changed by heat pressure or chemical reactions most form Underground

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Sedimentary rock

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Forms when particles of other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together

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Igneous rock

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Forms from the cooling of magma or lava

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Extrusive rock

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Igneous rock formed from lava that erupts onto Earth's surface Basalt is the most common

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Intrusive rock

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Igneous rock that formed when magma hardens beneath earth's surface ignorance Rock that formed when magma hardened another surface the most common interest of Rock is granite

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Erosion

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Running water, wind, or ice loosen and carry away fragments of Rock

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Deposition

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The process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it

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Compaction

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The process that presses sediments together

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Cementation

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The process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together

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Clastic Rock

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A sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments are squeezed together

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Organic rocks

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Forms when the remains of plants and animals are deposited in thick layers

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Chemical rocks

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When minerals that are dissolved in a solution crystallize

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Foliated

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Metamorphic rocks that have their grains arranged in parallel layers or bands

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Non-foliated rocks

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Mineral grains that are arranged randomly

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Inner core

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A dense ball of solid metal

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Outer core

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A layer of molten metal that surrounds the inner core

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Radiation

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The heat transfer of energy through space

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Conduction

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Heat transfer within a material or between materials that are touching

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Convection

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Heat transferred by movement of fluids

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Subduction

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The process by which ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle

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Plates

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Where the lithosphere is broken into separate sections

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Mantle

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40 kilometers below the surface, solid material of hot rock

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Continental drift

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The idea that continents slowly moved over Earth's surface

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Crust

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The layer of rock that forms as outer skin

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Tension

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The stress force that pulls on the crust stretching The Rock

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Compression

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The stress force that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks

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Shearing

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The stress force that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions

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Normal fault

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Tension in the Earth's crust that pulls Rock apart in normal faults the fault is at an angle so one block of rock lies above the fault while the other block lies below the fault

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Foot wall

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The rock that lies below

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Reverse fault

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In places where the rock of the crust is pushed together

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Strike slip faults

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In places where plates move past each other. shearing creates strike slip faults

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Plateau

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A plateau is a large area of land elevated high above sea level

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Focus

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The area beneath earth's surface where rock that is under stress breaks, causing an earthquake.

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Epicenter

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The point on the surface directly above the focus

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P waves

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The first wave to arrive in an earthquake and they are seismic waves that compress and expand the ground

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S waves

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Seismic waves that vibrate from side to side as well as up and down they are also the secondary waves. Cannot travel through liquids.

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Surface waves

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They move more slowly than p waves and S waves but they can produce severe ground movements

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Mercalli scale

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A scale that rates earthquakes according to the level of damage

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Syncline

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The ground the pieces of ground pointing downwards

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Liquefaction

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Occurs when an earthquake's violent shaking suddenly turns loose soft soil into liquid mud

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Ring of Fire

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One major volcanic belt form by the many volcanoes that Rim the Pacific Ocean

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Volcanic belt

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Volcanic belts form along many boundaries of Earth's plates

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Magma

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Is molten mixture of rock-forming substances gases and water from the mantle

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Hot spot

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Is an area where material from deep within the mantle Rises and then melts forming magma

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Viscosity

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Is the resistance of a liquid to flowing

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Silica

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Is made up of particles of the elements oxygen and silicon

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Pahoehoe

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A fast-moving hot lava that has low viscosity

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Vent

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Molten rock and gases leave the volcano through a opening called a vent

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Pyroclastic flow

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Occurs when an explosive eruption hurls out a mixture of hot gases Ash Cinders and bombs

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Active

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A volcano that is erupting or showing signs that it may erupt in the near future

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Dormant

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A volcano that is to awaken in the future and become active

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Extinct

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Is a dead volcano and is unlikely to erupt again

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Shield volcanoes

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When lava flows gradually to build a wide, gentle sloping Mountain

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Cinder cone volcano

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When when Ash Cinders and bombs build up around the vent in the Steep cone-shaped Hill or small Mountain

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Composite volcanoes

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Tall cone shape mountains in which layers of lava alternate with layers of Ash

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Lava plateaus

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When a volcano erupts and doesn't form a mountain. It forms a high-level area

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Calderas

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The huge hole left by a collapse of a volcanic Mountain

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Hot Springs

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Formed when groundwater is heated by a nearby body of magma or by hot rock deep underground

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Geyser

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Is a fountain of water and steam that erupts from the ground

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Geothermal energy

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A energy source created from water heated by magma

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Observing

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Using one or more of your senses to gather information

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Inferring

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When you explain or interpret the things you observe

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Predicting

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Means making a forecast about what will happen in the future based on past experience or evidence

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Hypothesis

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Is a possible explanation for a set of observations to answer to a scientific question

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Controlled experiment

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Is a test of a hypothesis under conditions established by the scientist

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Variable

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Is one of the factors that can change in an experiment

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Manipulated variable

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The variable that a scientist changes

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Responding variable

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The variable that changes because of the manipulated variable

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Data

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The facts figures and other evidence gathered through observations

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Boiling point

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The boiling point of a substance is when the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into vapor

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Characteristic

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A feature or quality belonging typically to a person place or thing and serving it to Identity

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Chemical change

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Chemical change occurs when a substance combines with another to form a new substance

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Claim

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This state or assert that something is the case typically without providing evidence or proof

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Conclusion

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The end or finish of an event or process

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Density

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The density of a stance is its mass per unit volume

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Evidence

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The available body of facts or information indicating whatever a belief is true or valid

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Mass

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The amount of matter in an object

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Measurement

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The action of measuring something

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Melting point

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At The Melting Point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium

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Physical change

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Physical change occurs when objects or substances undergo a change that does not change their chemical composition

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Pressure

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The Continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contrast with it

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Property

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Property is that which belongs to or with something

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Temperature

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A temperature is an objective comparative measurement of cold or hot

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Volume

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The amount of space that a substance or object occupies

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Weight

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A body is relative mass or the quantity of a matter contained by it

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Cubic

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Having the shape of a cube

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Pure metal

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Pure metal is any metal that has not been joined with any other metal or synthetic material

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Boundary

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A line that marks the limits of an area

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Fluid

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A substance that has no fixed shape and yield easily to external pressure

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Canyon

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A deep gorge

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Deformation

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The action or process of changing in shape

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Stress

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Pressure or tension exerted on a material object

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Magnetism

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A physical phenomenon produced by the motion of electric charge resulting in an attractive and repulsive forces between objects