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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the name of the SI base unit for length?
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meter or metre
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What is the symbol for meter?
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m
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What is the name of the SI base unit for mass?
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kilograms
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What is the name of the SI base unit for time?
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second
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What is the symbol for second?
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s
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What is the name of the SI base unit for temperature?
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Kelvin
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What is the symbol for Kelvin?
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K
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How many units is kilo?
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1000
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How many units is hecto?
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100
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How many units is deka?
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10
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How many units is deci?
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0.1
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How many units is centi?
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0.01
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How many units is milli?
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0.001
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What is the first step in the scientific method?
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State the Problem
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How do you State the Problem?
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ask the question in a way that is testable by the scientific method
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What is the second step of the scientific method?
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Collect background information
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What do you do when you collect background information?
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research information that is previously known about your topic to see if it helps you to predict what the answer to your question might be
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What is the first step in the scientific method?
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state the problem
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What is the third step in the scientific name?
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construct a hypothesis
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How do you construct a hypothesis?
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use the background information you collecyed to predict an answer to your problem
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What is the forth step in the scientific method?
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experiment and record results
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How do you experiment and record results?
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Write a procedure, collect materials, test your hypothesis by doing an experiment. Record your independent variables and your dependent variables on a table. Make sure everything else stays constant in your experiment and if possible compare your results to a known value or an unchanged sample.
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What is an IV?
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independent variable
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What is a DV?
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dependent variable?
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What is an independent variable?
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what you are changing
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What is a dependent variable?
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what you are measuring
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What is the fifth step in the scientific method?
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analyze data and draw conclusions
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How do you analyze data and draw conclusions?
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Make a graph of independent variable and dependent variables. Do you see a pattern? Does the patter help you answer your question? Write a conclusion that states what you found to be the answer, your hypothesis, summarize what you did to test your hypothesis. Discuss discrepancies, deviations from what you hypothesized, experimental limitations and how to improve the experiment. Propose future tests to fully enable you to answer your question.
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What is the 6th step in the scientific method?
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communicate your results
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How do you communicate your results?
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Document what you have found in an appropriate format. Make sure to include all parts of the scientific method.
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What is an appropriate format to communicate your results?
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research paper, science fair project board
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What is area?
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two dimensional measurement of a planar surface
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What is volume?
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three dimensional measurement of how much space an item takes up
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What is mass?
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the amount of stuff in an object
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What is weight?
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the amount of mass multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity
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What is density?
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the ratio of the mass to the volume of a substance
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What is the physical change?
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change in state, volume, mass, color, due to mechanical means
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What is the chemical change?
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change in electron sharing. New substances formed.
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What is the atomic number?
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number of protons
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What is the Atomic Mass?
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number of protons and neutrons
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What does amu equal?
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atomic mass unit
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What are isotopes?
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two atoms of the same element with different atomic masses
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Where does electron charge come from?
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comes from comparing the number of protons to the number of electrons
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What is an element?
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composed of only one type of atom
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What is a compound?
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two or more different type of atoms chemically combined
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What is a molecule?
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two or more atoms chemically combined
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What is a mixture?
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two or more substances sharing a container but not chemically combined. Homogeneous same throughout.
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What is a substance?
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element or compound
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What is a solution?
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mixture mixed at the atomic level
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What is a mineral?
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An element or compound, solid, defined crystalline structure, inorganic, naturally occuring
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What is a rock?
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Mixture of minerals, other rock fragments, organic material, and or volcanic glass. Classified by how it is formed.
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What is hardness?
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What can scratch it or it can scratch. (see Moh's Hardness Scale Talc-softest, Diamond-Hardest)
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What is streak?
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color of powder
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What is breakage?
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How it breaks
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What is colour?
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What colour it reflects in white light.
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What is luster?
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How it reflects light
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What is specific gravity?
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Ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water.
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What are the four eons?
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Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic
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What eras are in the Phanerozoic?
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Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
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What periods are in the Cenozoic Era?
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Quaternary and Tertiary
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What periods are in the Paleozoic Era?
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Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian
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What periods are in the Mesozoic Era?
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Cretaceous, Jurassic, and Triassic?
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Which eons are considered Precambrian?
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Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic
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Which eons are not considered Precambrian?
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Phanerozoic
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Which Paleozoic period comes last?
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Permian
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What is the Principle of Superposition?
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Sedimentary layers will form evenly on top of one another. Older layers are on bottom, newer layers on top.
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What is Uniformitarianism?
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What happened in the past happens the same way as it does in the future
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What is a Radioactive Half Life?
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Time it takes half of the number of radioactive atoms in a sample to decay to its stable daughter is constant.
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What are the agents of mechanical weathering?
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Animals, plants, ice, water, wind, gravity, severe and rapid temperature changes, salt crystal formation, repeated wetting and drying
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What are the agents of chemical weathering?
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Natural acids, plant acids, oxygen, man-made acids
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What happens when mechanical and chemical weathering work together?
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Mechanical exposes surface area for chemical reactants to reach inside surface. Chemical weakens rock by changing the composition of the rock which allows it to be mechanical weathered more easily.
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What are agents of erosion?
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water, wind, gravity and glaciers
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What are the three volcano types?
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composite, cinder cone, and shield
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What are composite volcanoes?
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volcanoes formed by alternating layers and explosive
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What is a cinder cone volcano?
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a steep conical hill of volcanic fragments that accumulate around and downwind from a volcanic vent
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What is a shield volcano?
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a broad, domed volcano with gently sloping sides, characteristic of the eruption of fluid, basaltic lava
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Where do volcanos originate from?
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reverse faults or hot spots
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How does a normal fault form?
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tension
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What kind of fault has a divergent boundary?
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normal
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What kind of boundary does a reverse fault have?
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convergent
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How do reverse faults form?
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compression
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What are the three types of faults?
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Normal, reverse, slip-strike
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What do waves carry?
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energy
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Are compressional waves electromagnetic or mechanical?
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mechanical
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Are transverse waves electromagnetic or mechanical?
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both
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How are waves defined?
(Give examples) |
Transverse or compressional, electromagnetic or mechanical
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How do waves behave?
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reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference
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How are waves measured?
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wavelength, amplitude, frequency, speed
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What does amplitude measure?
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the energy that the wave is carrying
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What does wave speed equal?
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frequency x wavelength
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What are the forms of energy?
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mechanical
chemical nuclear thermal electrical elastic magnetic radiant sound |
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What are three ways that heat can be transferred?
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conduction, convection, radiation
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What are the types of energy?
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kinetic and potential
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What are energy sources?
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fossil fuels
coal petroleum natural gas propane biomass nuclear fission hydropower geothermal wind solar |
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Should you repeat your experiment to see if the results were consistent?
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YES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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What means an educated guess?
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hypothesis
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The idea that a comet is like a dirty snowball is a law or theory?
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theory
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The statement that an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by a force is an example of what?
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law
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What kind of questions cannot be answered by using scientific methods?
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ethical
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What are variables that stay the same?
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constants
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What is the variable that is tested?
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dependent variable
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What should you do if your data are different from what you expected?
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Conclude that your expectation might have been wrong
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What contains only one type of atom?
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element
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What has a positive charge?
A. electron B.proton C. neutron D. atom |
B. proton
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In an atom, what forms a cloud around the nucleus?
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electrons
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A carbon atom has a mass number of 12. How many protons and neutrons does it have?
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Any two positive integers that add up to 12
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On Earth, oxygen usually exists of what?
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gas
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An isotope known as iodine-131 has 53 protons. How many neutrons does it have? Why?
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78. Subtract 53 from 131.
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Is a molecule, solution, isotope, or ion electrically charged?
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ion
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What must all silicates contain?
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oxygen and silicon
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What is the measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched?
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hardness
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What is the colour of a powdered mineral formed when rubbing it against an unglazed porcelain tile?
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streak
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What is hardest on the Mohs scale?
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diamond
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Why does magma tend to rise toward Earth's surface?
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It is less dense then surrounding rocks
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During metamorphism of granite into gneiss, what happens to minerals?
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They align into layers
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What do igneous rocks form from?
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magma or lava
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What is molten material at Earth's surface called?
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lava
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What is the first step in coal formation?
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peat
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Which type of mass shows changes in elevation at Earth's surface?
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topographic
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Which of the following can be caused by acids produced by plant roots?
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chemical weathering
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In which region is chemical weathering most rapid?
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warm, moist
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What is a mixture of rock and mineral fragments, organic matter, air, and water called?
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soil
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What is organic matter in soil?
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humus
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What is done to reduce soil erosion on steep slopes?
(farming) |
no-till farming
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Which term describes rock through which fluids can flow easily?
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permeable
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What forms as a result of the water table meeting Earth's surface?
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spring
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What contains heated groundwater that reaches Earth's surface?
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hot spring
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What is a layer of permeable rock that water flows through?
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aquifer
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Name the deposit that forms when a mountain river runs onto a plain.
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alluvial fan
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Which layer of Earth contains the asthenosphere?
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mantle
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What type of boundary is the San Andreas Fault part of?
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transform
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What hypothesis states that continents slowly moved to their present positions on Earth?
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continental drift
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What evidence in rocks support the theory of seafloor spreading?
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magnetic reversals
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What type of plate boundary is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge a part of?
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divergent
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What theory states that plates move around on the asthenosphere?
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plate tectonics
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Earthquakes can occur when what has passed?
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elastic limit
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When the rock above the fault surface moves down relative to the rock below the fault surface, what kind of fault forms?
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normal
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Which type of volcano is made entirely of tephra?
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cinder cone
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What kind of volcano is Kilauea?
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shield
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What is the largest intrusive rock body?
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batholith
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What is the process that formed Soufriere Hills volcano on Montserrat?
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plates moving together
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What shape is a quartz crystal?
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cubic
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As magma cools, its ____ combine into compounds that form a crystal structure, and it becomes a mineral.
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atoms
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Minerals are comprised of one or more _____.
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elements
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A mineral is classified as an ore as long as _______.
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it is profitable and useful
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A collector of minerals would want a sample of _______.
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salt
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All of the following conditions help preserve organisms as fossils EXCEPT _______.
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activities of microorganisms
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If the same types of fossils are found in two separate rock layers, its likely that the two rock layers _______.
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are part of one continuous deposit
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Determining the order of events and the relative age of rocks by examining the position of rocks in a sequence is called ______.
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relative dating
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Gaps in the rock layers are called _____.
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uncomformities
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A limestone bed containing fossils that are 550 million years old is _____ a bed of sandstone containing fossils that are 400 million years old.
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older than
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