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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dunes
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Produced by wind
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Back shore
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only under water duing hurricane
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Foreshore
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underwater at high tide
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offshore
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always under water
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Tides
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We move toward the water-moon pulls water away from the earth as well as the sun's gravity
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Barycenter
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earth and moon revolving around each other
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Spring tide
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when sun and moon are aligned w/ earth-tidal range is greatest w/ two low and two very high tides/day
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Neap tide
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When sun and earth are aligned,but moon is @ a right angle from the sun-low range bt high and low tide/day
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Seismic waves
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caused by earthquakes and cause tsunamis
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Wave refraction
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the bending of a wave when one end drags the bottom and slows down before the other-eliminates headland
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Longshore current
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result from waves metting coastline at an angle
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Embayment
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beach deposit
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rip cureent
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returning current must swim parralell to shore
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Emergence
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caused by uplift of land/sea level lowering-rocky cliff-CA-tectonic/ or glaciers
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Submergent
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glacial melting due to warming-result higher sea level-also caused by susidence of land-ria, fjord, estuary
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ria
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submergent feature-progressively narrowing and shallowing embayment
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fjord
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submerged glacial valleys-pamilico and albermarle sound
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estuary
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brackish water ecosystem common in rias-fresh water mixes w/ salt
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Sand balance
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loss of beaches occurs due to man made structures dams and sea walls lessens beaches
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Headlands
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eroded by waves and fill up bays results in change in coastline
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Marine Terrace
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cliff formed from platform by uplift-tectonic
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Wave cut
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cutting action of waves against coast-erosion cont to form notch-crumbles forms platform
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Sea arch
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form by two old caves
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sea stack
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when sea arch breaks apart
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Erosional features coast
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Wave cut/platform, Marine terraces, sea arch, sea stack
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depositional features coast
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beaches spits tombolos barrier islands, baymouth bars
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Spit
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by longshore current-sand drags @ right angle-partially emerges into bay-hook
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bay mouth bar
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isolated sediment built up offshore-completely encloses bay
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tombolos
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strip of sand that connects the mainland to the an offshore island
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barrier islands
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parallel strips of land offshore
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breakwater
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wave attack takes coastline-wall built to take wave energy awy before reaching the coast-out in water
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sea wall
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on coast/out in water-energy is sdissipated on wall, sand is not transported and erodes under wall-wall collapess
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groi;ns
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longshore current protector-parallel to coast
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boulders
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form stone walls to protect against erosion
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jetties
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form walls of inlet into harbor and have a break water at ocean end
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Atomosphere
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produced during out gasing formed lightest element surrounding heaviest elements toward center-gas surrounds the earth
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weather
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state of the atomsphere at a given time and place
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climate
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annual weather regime of a place-including seasonal weather of a place-diff. in avg temp and press. etc
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composition of air
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N 78%, O 21%, Ar .93%, CO2 .0036%(greenhouse gas)
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variable components of air
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ozone, water vapor, aerosols
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Ozone
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mid atmospheric stratosphere-ground ozone too
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water vapor
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sunlight hitting ocean causes
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aerosols
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fumes combustion products and pollen
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Density of atomosphere
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closer to the earth higher density, 50% of atmosphere below Mt. Everest-10km-weather occurs most of below 16km
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Sea level pressure
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1013 mB-pressure decreases rapidly w/ altitude
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Atmospheric pressure
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"weight" of the atomosphere-total foces exerted on a surface by colliding gas molecules
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Troposphere
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most air and water vapor, clouds w/ a lot vertical mixing-lower temp then stratospher
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Environmental lapse rate
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how something changes w/ altitude in troposphere -6.5 C/ km
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Tropopause
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bt stratosphere and troposphere-constant/ pause in temperature
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Stratosphere
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ozonic layer-O3-molecules absorb UV and re-release as heat so increase in temp in stratosphere
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Mesosphere
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Temp decrease
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Thermosphere
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Increase in temp, but air molecules are too sparse to be sensible heat
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Ozone etc.
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naturally produced-stratospheric ozone and ground level ozone
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Stratospheric ozone
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ozone hole cause by CFC-banned in 76-hole is circulated seasonally due to variations at poles and equator-and globally dispersed-hole-less UV is blocked
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Ground level ozone
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produced by auto-harmful to lungs
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latent energy
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water always needs an exchange of energy to change phase-movement of water is also the movement of energy
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heat transfer
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direct conduction and convection
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Heat
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total kinetic energy of all atoms and molecules making up a substance-always flows from areas of higher temp to areas of lower temp
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Temperature
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a measure of the average kinetic energy of ind. atoms or molecules in a substance
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Mech of heat transfer
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Conduction and convection
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conduction
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heating of a cooler materaial by a warmer material-in direct contact w/ it
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convection
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transfer of heat through a fluid via density diff induced ciruculation-heated materials expand become less dense than surrounding
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Radiation
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trasnfer of energy via electromagnetic waves from sun
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Object wavelength
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hot object-short wavelength-cool object-long wavelength
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Infrared
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sensible heat energy-can feel but can't see-longer than visible red
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ultraviolet
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shoter than violet
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visible light
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ROYGBIV-most light from sun is visible-atmosphere allows short wavelength to be absorbed by land and sea.
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ALBEDO
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vegetation low-reflects, desert-high smooth surface, water-high at high sun, low at low sun
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Greenhouse effect
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makes life possilbe-incoming radiation can be transerred into heat energy
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Greenhouse gases
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trap in a thicker atmosphere-warm up too much-physical process by which global warming occurs
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Absorption and reradiation
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abosorbe radiant energy i s converted to heat within the absorbing object-good absorbers are good emitters
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Total energy receipt depends on
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Length of daylight, elevation of sun above horizon, atmosphere reflection
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Earth sun relationships
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length of daylight and elevation of the sun are controlled, three components-revolution, rotation, tilt
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revoluation
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movement of earth around the sun-1 yr
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rotation
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spin of the earth on its axis-1 day in one year-365.25 rotation
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Tilt
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inclination of earth's axis-23.5 degrees during revolution axis remains oriented the same direction-solstices and equinoxes
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Solstices
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Dec 21-22-north pole away from sun, June 21-22 north ple pointed directly toward sun
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Dec 21-22
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Noon sun direct overhead @tropic of cap. 23.5 S Artic circle 66.5 N 24 hrs of darkness
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June 21-22
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Noon sun direct overhead @ tropic of cancer 23.5, 24 hrs of daylight in N artic circle 66.5 N 24 hrs of darkness S artic circle 66.5 S
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Equinoxes
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March 21-22, Sept 22-23 hrs of daylight and darkness are equal everywhere on earth
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March 21-22
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tilt in line w/ orbital path-spring in north, noon sun directly overhead @ equator
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Sept 22-23
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tilt in line w/ orbital path autumn in north-noon sun direct overhead @ equator
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At equator
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always 12 hrs. day and night
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Greensboro
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36 degrees
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Land and water
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Land near water has smaller annually temp range and vice versa-water heat up and cools slower than land
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Geographic position and temp
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Eureka CA v. NYC winds move from W->E so despite same lat. CA has more mild winters and summers than NYC
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Cloud cover
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traps longwave radiation w/o cloud cover it's hot in day colder at night-biggest change in temp through day and night
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longwave loss
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when most loss highest temp-loss occurs w/ most insolation
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Coldest
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just b4 sunrise
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Hottest
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2-3pm
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