Earth Materials Exam One (Games)

Front 1

produces elements up to 56Fe

Back 1

stellar nucleosynthesis

Front 2

created light elements

Back 2

Big Bang

Front 3

creates all elements heavier than iron

Back 3

supernovae

Front 4

among the first things to condense out of solar system

Back 4

chondrules

Front 5

a layer in the mantle defined by a sharp increase in seismic velocity and density

Back 5

mesosphere

Front 6

solid nickel-iron alloy

Back 6

inner core

Front 7

convecting liquid nickel-iron alloy

Back 7

outer core

Front 8

primary driver for tectonic plate movement

Back 8

mantle convection

Front 9

5km-10km

Back 9

moho

Front 10

compositional boundary in the lower lithosphere

Back 10

moho

Front 11

plastic/ductile region of upper mantle defined by low seismic velocity zone

Back 11

asthenosphere

Front 12

410km-660km

Back 12

transition zone

Front 13

boundary between upper and lower mantle defined by increase in seismic velocity

Back 13

transition zone

Front 14

least efficient method of heat transfer

Back 14

radiation

Front 15

most efficient method of heat transfer

Back 15

convection

Front 16

heat is transferred through lithosphere primarily through

Back 16

conduction

Front 17

temperature curve with depth in earth's crust

Back 17

geothermal gradient

Front 18

pressure increases ______ through crust and mantle

Back 18

linearly

Front 19

boundary with highest relative plate motion

Back 19

transform

Front 20

boundary that creates new ocean lithosphere

Back 20

divergent

Front 21

most productive rock production boundary

Back 21

divergent

Front 22

boundary that triggers rising and partial melting of asthenosphere

Back 22

divergent

Front 23

boundary that commonly causes hydrothermal metamorphism

Back 23

divergent

Front 24

boundary associated with both volcanic arcs and earthquakes

Back 24

ocean-continent convergent

Front 25

second most productive zone for rock-production

Back 25

subduction

Front 26

sutures two continents together

Back 26

continent-continent convergence

Front 27

boundary with smallest amount of rock production

Back 27

transform

Front 28

caused by rising plumes in the mantle

Back 28

hot spots

Front 29

natural inorganic solid with ordered structure and defined chemical composition

Back 29

mineral

Front 30

a chemical that contains C-H bonds is ____

Back 30

organic

Front 31

most abundant rock-forming minerals

Back 31

silicates

Front 32

fundamental building block of silicates

Back 32

silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

Front 33

aggregate of minerals

Back 33

rock

Front 34

mineral comprised entirely of one element

Back 34

native element

Front 35

mineral classes are based on

Back 35

anions

Front 36

mineral group containing the S(2-) ion

Back 36

sulfides

Front 37

mineral group defined by a combination of a metal, a semi-metal, and sulfur

Back 37

sulfosalts

Front 38

mineral group defined by O(2-) anion

Back 38

oxides

Front 39

mineral group characterized by presence of (OH)- groups

Back 39

hydroxides

Front 40

mineral group containing a halide ion

Back 40

halides

Front 41

mineral group defined by presence of (CO3)2- groups

Back 41

carbonates

Front 42

minerals defined by presence of tetrahedrally coordinated (PO4)3- anion

Back 42

phosphates

Front 43

minerals defined by presence of (SO4)2- anion

Back 43

sulfates

Front 44

materials that have a highly structured 3D atomic arrangement

Back 44

crystalline solid

Front 45

3D atomic pattern in a crystal

Back 45

crystal lattice

Front 46

a solid with disordered atoms is called _____

Back 46

amorphous

Front 47

a grain with an external shape bounded by planar surfaces

Back 47

crystal

Front 48

a single, continuous piece of crystalline solid

Back 48

grain

Front 49

no crystal faces exhibited

Back 49

anhedral

Front 50

impinged on some crystal faces by neighboring grains

Back 50

subhedral

Front 51

grown unfettered, all crystal faces exhibited

Back 51

euhedral

Front 52

texture comprised of rocks held together by an interlocking network of mineral grains

Back 52

crystalline

Front 53

texture comprised of fragments glued together by cement

Back 53

clastic

Front 54

igneous texture comprised of interlocking grains of very different sizes

Back 54

porphyritic

Front 55

aligned mineral texture

Back 55

foliation

Front 56

rock that is still attached to the rest of the crust

Back 56

bedrock

Front 57

exposure of bedrock

Back 57

outcrop

Front 58

a layer of sedimentary rock with a definable top and bottom

Back 58

bed

Front 59

a mappable geologic unit

Back 59

formation

Front 60

a shallow sea that covers the interior of a continent during periods of high sea level

Back 60

epeiric sea

Front 61

course-grained igneous rock texture

Back 61

phaneritic

Front 62

fine-grained igneous rock texture

Back 62

aphanitic

Front 63

the characteristic shape a mineral grows in

Back 63

habit

Front 64

reactivity to acid

Back 64

effervescence

Front 65

intergrowth of two or more crystals of the same mineral

Back 65

twinning

Front 66

two minerals of similar structure, formation dependent on heat and pressure

Back 66

polymorph

Front 67

labeling of mineral faces

Back 67

miller indices

Front 68

smallest unit of structure that can be infinitely repeated to create the entire structure

Back 68

unit cell

Front 69

boat propeller symmetry

Back 69

rotation

Front 70

simple symmetry

Back 70

mirror plane

Front 71

symmetry of flipping

Back 71

inversion

Front 72

symmetry of rotating then flipping

Back 72

rotoinversion