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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three classes of Rock? |
Sedimentary rocks; originally laid down as sediments.
Igneous Rocks; once molten
Metamorphic Rocks; build up of solid state through the agencies of pressure, temp and deformation at depth within the earth. |
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What are rocks? |
Are aggregates of mineral grains. Normally contain a mixture of different types of mineral grains. |
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What are four points about minerals? |
1) are solid 2) are chemical composed 3)have a characteristic crystal structure 4) formed by inorganic geological processed |
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What are the agents of Metamorphism? |
1) pressure from deep burial 2) heat from plutons or normal feothermal gradient 3) deformation from directed stresses 4) fluid redistribution |
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What are the two strucrure successions? |
1. Fold structure is younger than the folded structure.
2. Fault structure is younger than the layers it disrupts. |
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What are the 3 contact relationships? |
Depositional contact - layered sequences between sedimentary strata, igneous lava flow etc Fault contact - two rock units are juxtaposed across a fault Igneous intrusice contacts - igneous material intruded into an existing rock mass. |
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What are the geological columns? |
Lithostratigraphy - correcting distinctive rock layers (strata) Biostratigraphy - sedimentary layers Fossils - sedimentary strata |
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What is radiometric dating? |
Known as 'Parent isotopes' are unstable and decay spontaneously to 'daughter isotope' nuclei. |
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What are the feature subsystems? |
Atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere |
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What does modis stand for? |
Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer. (Satellites TERRA, AQUA) |
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How long ago did the big bang happen? |
13.7 Billion Years ago |
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Stars of the "main sequence" |
-wide range of temperatures and sizes -undergo slow steady nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium -H+H+H+H=He -H+H+H+H=He-takes place over 90% of their lifetimes -H+H+H+H=He-takes place over 90% of their lifetimes -takes place over 90% of their lifetimes |
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Latter stages of Life. |
H becomes depleted in stars core - contracts - T rises enabling fusion of He which generates C and O -He+He+He=C |
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Nucleosynthesis |
Is the process of making new elements by nuclear fusion in stars |
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2 step hypothesis |
Condensation: takes place in radial temp gradient, metals and silicates condese at high T, volatiles condense at Low T and collect in outer regions Accretion: gravitational attraction and physical collision - mixing and growth of material. |
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Planetary development |
Cratering-surface is bombarded with debris from solar system Internal Differentiation-early planet material is molten so minerals and melts separated according density. Lava flooding-planets interior partially melted by heat from radioactive decay Surface Modification-internal heat-drives mantle convection +plate tectonics (magnatism and deformation) -external heat-drives atmospheric + oceanic circulation. |
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The three theories about the moons creation. |
1. Capture-the moon was captured by the gravitational field of earth 2. Twin Planet-the moon formed alongside the earth during its early development. 3. Giant impact-the earth was hit by a large object (perhaps the size of mars) |
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Describe Mars |
Largest Volcano Largest Canyon Mostly CO2 Very then weak gravitational field that cant hold gases No green housr effect Atmosphere h2o split by radiation |
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Describe venus. |
Spins opposite way Slowest rotatating planet Many volcanoes No trenches or archs=no subduction Atmosphere very thick 100X earth Secondary atmosphere originated from volcano eruptions Greenhouse 300.000X earth Surface T=460C
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Earths CO2 history |
Liquid water was stable early Dissolved Ca2+ and Co2 combine to precipitate carbonate and stored as limestone in the crust where it sccumulates over time Planet tectonics returns co2 to atmosphere. |
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Venus Co2 |
Liquid water may never have been stable due to higher initial surface temperature. All Co2 is in atmosphere wjere it has generated a runaway greenhouse. |
