Earth 114 Quiz 2 Study

Front 1

C02 in atmosphere at

Back 1

.039%

Front 2

we are coming up on... (ppm)

Back 2

we are coming up on 400 ppm..new landmark..rate of increase is about 2 ppm per year

parts per million

Front 3

photosynthesis

Back 3

conversion by plants of inorganic carbon to
organic carbon

Front 4

respiration

Back 4

conversion by life of organic carbon to inorganic
carbon

Front 5

how much carbon increasing per year in ppm

Back 5

2 ppm per year about

Front 6

fossil fuel combustion

Back 6

burning of fossilized
organic matter long buried beneath the Earth’s
surface, to produce energy for human activities

Front 7

carbon emissions

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the amount of carbon that is
stored in the atmosphere as CO2 has been increasing
Carbon

Front 8

deforestation

Back 8

clearing of forests by logging

Front 9

biological pump

Back 9

physical
and
biological
processes
that
transport
organic
carbon
from
the
surface
to
deep
ocean

Front 10

solubility pump

Back 10

physical
and
chemical
processes
that
transport
inorganic
carbon
from
the
ocean
surface
to
interior

Front 11

residence time

Back 11

average
amount
of
Fme
that
a
carbon
atom
spends
in
a
reservoiraverage
amount
of
Fme
that
a
carbon
atom
spends
in
a
reservoir

Front 12

lifetime

Back 12

Fme
required
to
restore
equilibrium
aSer
a
perturbaFon
(e.g.
carbon
emissions)

Front 13

stuff on methane

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• Methane has a very short lifetime in the atmosphere (~10 yrs)
• The CH4 molecules is 40x more powerful as a greenhouse gas than CO2
• It is destroyed by chemical reactions with hydroxyl radicals in the troposphere

Front 14

methane emissions

Back 14

the amount of methane
released to the atmosphere has been increasing
since the industrial revolution`

Front 15

water vapor

Back 15

gaseous H2O in the atmosphere

Front 16

carbon intensity definition

Back 16

is
the
amount
of
carbon
dioxide
emiEed
for
each
unit
of
economic
output
(e.g.,
total
emiEed
carbon,
including
methane
and
carbon
dioxide,
divided
by
a
na<on’s
annual
GDP).
The
developed
world
(e.g.,
U.S.)
emits
less
carbon
per
unit
of
wealth
produced
than
the
developing
world
(e.g.,
China);
however,
overall
per
capita
fossil
fuel
emissions
are
higher
in
the
developed
world.

Front 17

the world is dependent on

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nonrenewable
fuels
for
energy
(mainly
fossil
fuels).

Front 18

coal

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solid
biological
fossil
carbon
fuel
formed
from
remains
of
plant
material
that
was
deposited
mainly
in
vast
tropical
coastal
swamps
and
peatlands
millions
of
years
ago,
then
buried
and
converted
at
depth
to
a
high
purity
carbon
energy
source
(found
with
sedimentary
rocks

solid
fuel
formed
from
burial
of
remains
of
ancient
plant
material

U.S.
produc<on
of
coal
has
been
increasing.
Coal
is
an
abundant
fossil
fuel
resource,
but
the
efficiency
of
coal
produc<on
has
been
declining.
U.

Front 19

petroleum

Back 19

carbon-­‐based
liquid
fuel
formed
from
biological
remains
of
marine
phytoplankton
deposited
in
seas
millions
of
years
ago,
buried
and
converted
at
depth
into
complex
hydrocarbons
that
migrate
through
geological
sedimentary
rock
forma<ons
at
depth
(includes
oil
shale
and
oil
sands).

liquid
hydrocarbon
fuel
formed
from
burial
of
remains
of
marine
phytoplankton
living
in
ancient
seas

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natural gas

Back 20

carbon-­‐based
gas
fuel
(e.g.,
methane
=
CH4)
that
commonly
occurs
deep
in
sedimentary
rock
forma<ons
(includes
shale
gas
–
see
‘fracking’).

gas
hydrocarbon
fuel
(mainly
methane)
that
exists
with
petroleum
deposits
and
other
geological
environments
(e.g.,
shale
gas).

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oil sands

Back 21

viscous
bitumen
(organic
‘tar’)
mixed
with
sand,
clay
and
water.
Forms
through
biological
degrada<on
of
petroleum
–
can
be
converted
back
to
useable
petroleum,
but
at
great
cost
and
energy
consump<on
(e.g.,
Alberta
oil
sands,
Canada).

Front 22

hydrolic fracking

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Hydraulic
fracturing:
a
method
of
mining
natural
gas
from
deep
shales
by
injec<ng
chemically
modified
fluids
at
high
pressure
to
fracture
rock
and
mobilize
the
gas.

Front 23

clean coal

Back 23

Combus<on
of
coal
is
the
largest
source
of
sulfur
dioxide,
the
second
largest
source
of
nitrogen
oxides,
and
a
leading
source
of
mercury
pollu<on
to
the
environment
in
the
U.S.
and
worldwide.
In
the
U.S.
alone,
close
to
2
billion
tons
of
CO2
per
year
are
produced
from
coal-­‐
burning
power
plants.
GHG
emissions
from
burning
of
coal
for
electricity
account
for
about
1/3
of
total
U.S.
energy-­‐related
carbon
emissions,
and
growing
(Center
for
Climate
and
Energy
Solu<ons)
Clean
coal
assumes
that
carbon
emissions
can
be
reduced
using
carbon
capture
and
sequestraCon
technology
(CCS).
Currently,
this
technology
is
too
expensive
to
make
most
producCon
economically
viable.