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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Typological Species Concept? What are its strengths and weaknesses? |
A species is defined as a group of organisms conforming to the same morphological plan. Strengths: Easiest approach to species classification. Can be applied to sexual and asexual organisms that are extant or extinct. Weaknesses: Different Phenotypes do not always constitute new species. e.g. sexual dimorphism, or different dog breeds. |
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What is the Phylogenetic Species Concept? What are its strengths and weaknesses? |
A species is defined as the smallest diagnosable cluster of individual organisms which have the same patterns of ancestry and decent. Strengths: An effective way to determine the gene flow of a population. A possible way to identify new species that weren't previously identified. Can be used for sexual and asexual species, extant and extinct. Weaknesses: To apply this a lot of information is needed about ancestry. |
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What is the Biological Species Concept? What are its strengths and weaknesses? |
A species is defined as a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others), that occupies a specific niche in nature. Strengths: This is the most accurate was to identify species. It is a natural consequence of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection. Weaknesses: Only applies to sexually reproductive extant organisms. Some organisms can reproduce but choose not to. |
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Notes on the Modern Synthesis. |
- Majorly influenced by theories on natural selection. - Explains why organisms are well adapted to their environments. - It states that acquired characteristics do not play a part in evolution. - It believes genes are the only wide spread system of inheritance. - Genetic variation is random. Mutations that occur are not always 'fitness' enhancing. - Evolution occurs gradually, through multiple steps. - Has a gene centred perspective. - Micro-evolutionary processes explain macro-evolutionary patterns. |
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Notes on Extended Evolutionary Synthesis. |
- Natural selection is not solely responsible for change. - The way an organism develops can influence the direction and rate of evolution. - Inheritance extends beyond genes. It includes: cultural, epigenetic, ecological and behavioural inheritance. - Phynotypic variation is not random. Organisms develop in response to local conditions. - Evolution can be rapid. - This perspective is organism centred, with broader conceptions of evolutionary processes. |
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What is Arboreal Quadrupedalism? |
A mode of locomotion in which animals move along horizontal branches, with a regular gait pattern involving four limbs. |
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Give two examples of primates that are Arboreal Quadrupedal. |
1. Red-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius). 2. Black Howler (Alouata caraya). |
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Skeletal adaptions for Arboreal Quadrupedalism. |
- Narrow Thorax. - Forelimbs are of similar length to hind limbs. - Long prehensile digits. - Shoulder joints allow lateral locomotion. |
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What is Terrestrial Quadrupedalism? |
Four-limbed locomotion on the ground. |
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Give two examples of primates that are Terrestrial Quadrupedal. |
1. Olive baboon (Papio anubis). 2. Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus patas). |
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Skeletal adaptions for Terrestrial Quadrupedalism. |
- Narrow Thorax. - Forelimbs are the same length as hindlimbs. - Restricted shoulder joint. - Shorter hands and feet. |
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What is Knuckle-walking? |
A type of terrestrial quadrupedalism where the upper body is supported by the dorsal surface of the middle phalanges of the hands. |
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Give to examples of Knuckle-walking primates. |
1. Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) 2. Common Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). |
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Skeletal adaptions for Knuckle-walking. |
- Robust phalanges and forelimbs. - Wide thorax. - Broad hands and feet. - Short hindlimbs. - Strong upper body. - Straight back. |
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What is Bipedalism? |
A terrestrial form of locomotion involving only the hindlimbs. |
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Give two examples of Bipedal primates. |
1. Anatomically modern humans (Homo sapien) 2. Neanderthals (Homo Neanderthalensis). |
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Skeletal adaptions to Bipedalism. |
- Non opposable hallux. - Arched feet. - Inward slanting femur. - Long legs. - Large kneecaps (so that tendons stretch further). - Broad, shallow pelvis. - 'S' shaped spinal column. - Large rib cage. - Foramen magnum positioned so the head sits directly above the spinal column. - Orthognathic face. |
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What is Suspensory locomotion? |
It involves hanging and the suspensory of the body below the branches. This form of locomotion that is commonly associated with brachiation. |
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Give two examples of Suspensory primates. |
1. Lar Gibbon (Hylobates lar). 2. Peruvian spider monkey (Ateles chamek). |
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What are Hominids? |
A group consisting all extant and extinct Great Apes (including modern humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orang-utans and gibbons). |
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What are Hominins? |
The group consisting all extant and extinct human species and all of their immediate ancestors (including, Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Ardipthecus). |
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When was the Miocene? |
23 - 5.3 million years ago. |
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Name three Miocene apes. |
1. Sahelanthropus (7 - 6 million years ago) 2. Orrorin (6 million years ago) 3. Ardipithecus (5.6 - 4.4 million years ago) |
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Name an early Miocene Ape. |
Proconsul africanus (23 - 15 million years ago). (Thought to have been an ancestor of both less and greater apes). |
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Give the Australopithecine timeline. |
1. Au. anamensis (4.2 - 3.9 million years ago) found at Lake Turkana. 2. Au. afarensis (3.6 - 3 million years ago) found at Laetoli, Hadar and Koro Toro. 3. Au. africanus (3 - 2.2 million years ago) found at Taung. 4. Au. garhi (2.5 million years ago) found at Awash. 5. Au. sediba (2 million years ago) found just North of Johannesburg. |
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Australopithecus anamensis. |
Date range:- 4.2-3.9 Million years ago. Geographical range:- Kanapoi bay, Kenya. Fossils:- KNM KP 29281 and Upper and lower parts of a leg bone. Morphology:- U shaped dental arcade. Thick enamel. Bulbous distal area of tibia. Additional facts:- Intermediate between Ardipithecus and Australopithecus afarensis. |
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Australopithecus afarensis. |
Date range:- 3.6-3 million years ago. Geographical locations:- Tanzania, Ethiopia and Chad. Fossils:- Lucy (AL 288-1). Cranial capacity:- 430cc Height:- 1-1.4m Morphology:- Parabolic dental arcade. Non-apposable hallux. Slightly inward slanting femur. Shorter legs than arms. Prognathic. Slightly S shaped spinal column. Additional facts:- Sexual dimorphism. Laetoli footprints. |
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Kenyanthropus platyops. |
Date range:- 3.5-3.2 Million years ago. Geographical location:- Lake Turkana, Kenya Fossil:- KNM WT 40000, skull. Cranial capacity:- 450cc Morphology:- Reduced subnasal prognathism. |
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Australopithecus africanus. |
Date range:- 3-2.2 million years ago. Geographical locations:- Taung, South Africa. Fossils:- Taung Child (Taung 1). Cranial capacity:- 450cc Height:- 1.4m Morphology:- Foramen magnum at base of skull. Less prominent supraorbital ridges. Small canines and large molars. Additional facts:- Descended from Au afarensis. High degree of sexual dimophism. |
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Australopithecus garhi. |
Date range:- 2.5 million years ago. Geographical location:- Awash Valley, Ethiopia. Fossils:- BOU VP 12/130 (cranial remains and dentition). Cranial capacity:- 450cc Morphology:- Prognathic face. Large face. |
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Australopithecus sediba. |
Date:- 2 Million years ago Geographical location:- North of Johannesburg. Fossils:- MH1, MH2 (partial juvenile and adult skeleton). Cranial capacity:- 420-450cc Morphology:- Similar pelvis to Homo. Homo like dental arcade. Reduced subnasal prognathism and zygomatic flaring. Short stature. Additional facts:- Most similar to Au africanus. |
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Paranthropus Aethiopicus |
Date range:- 2.8-2.2 Million years ago Geographical Locations:- West Turkana, Kenya. Omo, Ethiopia. Fossils:- KNM WT 17000 (cranium). OMO 18 1967 18 (mandible). Cranial capacity:- 410cc. Morphology:- Small brained. Sagittal cresting. Prognathic, broad face. Thick molar enamel. |
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Paranthropus Boisei. |
Date range:- 2.3-1.4 million years ago. Geographical Locations:- East Africa Fossils:- OH 5 (Nutcracker man), Olduvai Gorge. Cranial capacity:- 500-550cc Height:- 1.2-1.4m Morphology:- Small incisors and canines. Massive molars with thick enamel. Parabolic dental arcade. Sagittal crest. Broad face. Sexual dimorphism. Short broad pelvis. Additional facts:- Oldowan and Early achulean industries. |
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Paranthropus robustus. |
Date range:- 1.8-1.4 million years ago. Geographical location:- South Africa Fossils:- TM 1517 (cranium and mandible) Cranial capacity:- 550cc Morphology:- Wide, flat, dished face. Pronounced sagittal crest. Sexual dimorphism. Separated supraorbital ridges. |
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Homo rudolfensis. |
Date range:- 2.5-1.5 Million years ago. Geographical Locations:- Kenya. Fossils:- KNM ER 1470 Cranial capacity:- 750cc Weight:- 50kg Morphology:- Lack of sagittal cresting seen in Paranthropus. Smaller zygomatic arches. Delicate skull bones. Less prominent supraorbital ridges than Australopithecus. Large teeth. Thick enamel. Widest part of the cranium in the middle. Additional facts:- Debated not to be a member of the Homo genus. |
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Homo habilis. |
Date range:- 2.1-1.5 Million years ago. Geographical locations:- Kenya and Tanzania. Fossils:- KNM ER 1180 and OH62 Cranial Capacity:- 550-640cc Weight:- 50Kg Morphology:- Most similar of Homo species to Australopithecus. Long arms. Small braincase. Less prognathis. High sexual dimorphism for Homo. Inward slanting femur like Homo. Foot morphology is a lot more similar to AMH. Additional facts:- 'handy man'. Found in association with Olduvan tools. Suggested to have been a scavenger. |
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Homo ergaster. |
Date range:- 1.9-1.4 Million years ago. Geographical range:- South and East Africa. Fossils:- KNM ER 3733 Cranial capacity:- 700-900cc Weight:- 60kg Morphology:- Smaller supraorbital ridges. Larger braincase. Lower forehead. Smaller dental arcade. More orthognathic face. Additional facts:- 'working man'. Associated with the Achulean technology. |
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Homo erectus. |
Date range:- 1 million - 50 thousand years ago Geographical range:- Africa, Asia and South-East Asia. Fossils:- Peking Man, Java Man, Turkana Boy (?) Cranial capacity:- 850-1200cc Height:- 1.6m Morphology:- Less prognathic face. Elongated face. Longer limbs. Less prominent zygomatic arches. Less sexual dimorphism. Smaller dental arcade. Additional facts:- 'erect man'. Achulean industry. Hunters. Perhaps the first hominin to migrate out of Africa. Debate. |
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Homo naledi. |
Date range:- 2 million - 900 thousand years ago. Geographical locations:- Rising star cave, South Afica. Fossils:- 1,550 skeletal pieces. Cranial capacity:- 460-560cc Height:- 1.5m Morphology:- Pelvis and shoulder joints are similar to Australopithecus. Cranium, feet, legs and knees are similar to Homo. Additional facts:- Biped that could climb? Found deep in cave which could show funerary practice. Hand morphology suggests an ability to use and make tools. |
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Homo heidelbergensis. |
Date range:- 600-200 thousand years ago. Geographical locations:- Europe, Western Asia and Africa. Fossils:- Mauer 1, Booxgrove Man, Kabwe 1. Cranial capacity:- 1200-1300cc Height:- 1.7m Morphology:- Large face. Separated supraorbital ridge. Large brain. Long limbs. Orthognathic face. Additional facts:- Clactonian and Late Achulean tool manufacture. Site in spain suggests burial of the dead. Hunting. |
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Homo neanderthalensis. |
Date range:- 250-40 thousand years ago. Geographical locations:- Europe and Western Asia. Fossils:- Old man, La Chapelle. Cranial capacity:- 1400-1600cc Height:- 1.6m Morphology:- Shorter limb proportions to AMH. Shorter more rounded rib cage. Broad thorax. Long prognathic face. Retro molar space. Large nasal cavity. Reduced chin. Strong upper body. Larger eye sockets. Additional facts:- Well adapted to the cold. Better vision. Burial of the dead and jewelry. Language? Mousterian technology. Looking after elderly. |
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Homo floresiensis. |
Date range:- 180-50 thousand years ago. Geographical locations:- Island of Flores, South-East Asia. Fossils:- LB1, L2. Cranial capacity:- 400-500cc Weight:- 30kg Height:- 1m Morphology:- Similar body proportions to Australopithecus. Flat feet. Large prefrontal cortex. Smaller angle of humeral torsion. Weak upper body. Non-apposable hallux. No chin. Additional facts:- Island dwarfism. Fire use. Descent from Homo erectus. |
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Homo sapiens. |
Date range:- 200 thousand years ago - present. Geographical locations:- Everywhere. Fossils:- Skhul skull, Fish hoek. Cranial capacity:- 1300-1500cc Morphology:- Gracile. Longer limbs. Most orthognathic face. Large brain. Shallow, broad pelvis. Increased dexterity in the hand. Lowest sexual dimorphism. No retro molar. Long pollex. Additional facts:- 'wise man'. Culture. Technology achulean to present. |
