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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Primary aging (senescence)
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Age-related physical changes that have a biological basis and are universally shared and inevitable.
Ex: wrinkles, gray hair, loss of visual acuity |
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Secondary aging
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Age-related changes that are due to environmental influences, poor health habits or disease, and can be altered.
Ex: Alameda study showed a sedentary lifestyle in early adulthood predisposes people to develop life-threatening illnesses, such as diabetes, in later years. |
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Limbic system
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The part of the brain that regulates emotional responses. Help regulate response inhibition and enables a person to weigh all their options.
Ex: While shoe shopping, you look at all of the shoes available before deciding what to buy instead of just picking the first pair you see. |
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Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max)
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A measure of the body's ability to take in and transport oxygen to various body organs. The most common measure of overall aerobic fitness.
Ex: Persons with a sedentary lifestyle, one that does not include regular physical activity, see declines in this. It also declines as we age but regular exercise can help mitigate those effects. |
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Social support
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A network of family, friends, etc. that are able to help support an individual, emotional, physically, etc. during times of crises.
Ex: Those with strong social support have lower risks of disease, death and depression. |
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Social network index
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The Alameda study showed the number of contacts with friends and relatives, marital status, church and group membership was directly related to health.
Ex: Among men and women in three different age groups, those with the fewest social connections had higher death rates. |
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Self-efficacy
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The belief in one's ability to perform some action or to control one's behavior or environment, to reach some goal or make something happen.
Ex: Patients with more self-efficacy are more likely to be compliant to their healthcare provider's instructions. |
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Internal locus of control
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A set of beliefs about the causes of events, where a person believes they are capable of exerting some control over what happens.
Ex: "If I eat better and exercise more, I can lose weight." |
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External locus of control
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A set of beliefs about the causes of events, where a person believes that other people or uncontrollable forces, such as luck, determine future outcomes.
Ex: "I can't lose weight because of my genetics." |
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Optimism
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Optimists believes setbacks are temporary and circumstantial and can be overcome. They resolve to work harder when faced with challenges. They tend to have better health outcomes than pessimists.
Ex: When they receive a bad grade on a test, they think it was just a hard test and resolve to study harder for the next test. |
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Pessimism
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Pessimists believe misfortune will be long-lasting, will undermine everything in their lives and they are at fault.
Ex: When they receive a bad grade on a test, they think they are not smart enough and will do poorly on the next test as well. |
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
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An infection of the female reproductive tract, often caused by chlamydia, that may result from a sexually transmitted disease and can lead to infertility.
Ex: Women in early adulthood are more likely to be affected as they are at higher risk of contracting STDs are are still in their prime child-bearing years. |
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STDs
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Bacterial - chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis
Viral - herpes, genital warts, HPV, HIV/AIDS Ex: Early adults are more likely to participate in sexually risky behavior, therefore, STDs are more common among 15-24 year olds than any other age group. |
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Intimate partner abuse
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Physical acts or other behavior intended to intimidate or harm an intimate partner, such as a spouse or girl/boy friend. Domestic abuse refers only to those living in the same household.
Ex: While men and women both engage in abuse, women are more likely to be injured than men. Also, homosexual couples have a similar incidence rate as heterosexual couples. Hispanic and Asian American women experience more partner abuse than white counterparts. |
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Causes of partner abuse
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- Cultural attitudes
- Personality traits, such as irrational jealousy, need for dependency and control, mood swings, quick temper - High school dropout or irregular employment - Alcohol and drug problems - Abused as children |
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Sexual abuse
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The use of physical coercion to force a person to engage in a sexual act against his or her will. More than 3/4 occurs in the context of a relationship.
Ex: Date rape is sexual abuse that occurs in the context of date. Research indicates it may be more traumatic because the victim believes she/he could have prevented it. |
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Phobia
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An irrational fear of an object, a person, place or situation. Often phobias are learned through the association of the experience of being in a state of fear with a specific stimulus. They may be cured by desensitizing a person to the stimulus or situation.
Ex: A college student who was injured in a car crash may avoid the intersection, even going out of his way and adding time to his drive. |
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Personality disorder
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An inflexible pattern of behavior that leads to difficulty in social, educational and occupational functioning. Top five disorders include antisocial, paranoid, histrionic, narcissistic and borderline personalities.
Ex: A person who consistently steals from their family, friends and employer to the point it has affected their individual functioning and relationships. |
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Substance abuse
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A pattern of behavior in which a person continues to use a substance even though it interferes with psychological, occupational, educational and social functioning.
Ex: A young man who continues to drink even though he was fired from his job for showing up drunk to work. |
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Four factors that influence the addictive potential of a drug.
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- How fast the effects are felt
- How pleasurable the effects are - How long the pleasurable effects last - How much discomfort is experienced when drug is stopped |
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Physical drug dependence
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A result of the body's natural ability to protect itself against harmful substances by developing a drug resistance. The body adapts to the presence of the drug and responds less intensely to it.
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Withdrawal symptoms
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Both physical and psychological effects are usually the exact opposite of the effects produced by the drug. Withdrawal can lead to relapse since it may be the only way to escape the symptoms.
Ex: Withdrawal from stimulants leaves a person exhausted and depressed. |
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Psychological drug dependence
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Craving or irresistible urge for the drug's pleasurable effects, and is more difficult to combat than physical dependence.
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Postformal thought
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Types of thinking that are associated with a hypothesized fifth stage of cognitive development.
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Relativism
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The idea that some propositions cannot be adequately described as either true or false.
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Dialectical thought
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A form of thought involving recognition and acceptance of paradox and uncertainty.
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Reflective judgment
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The ability to identify the underlying assumptions of differing perspectives on controversial issues.
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Crystallized intelligence
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Knowledge and talent acquired through education and experience. Consists of skill set and knowledge that every adult learns as part of growing up, such as vocabulary, reading the newspaper or evaluate an experience.
Ex: Learning how to balance a checkbook |
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Fluid intelligence
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The aspect of intelligence that reflects fundamental biological processes and the efficient functioning of the CNS and does not depend on specific experiences. Involves more "basic" abilities.
Ex: Letter series test - a person is given a series of five letters and must determine what the next letter is based on the pattern. |
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Post-secondary education
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Any kind of formal educational experience that follows high school and has become a necessity for virtually everyone.
Ex: Certificate program for a medical assistant or a 4-year bachelor's degree program. |
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Traditional post-secondary student
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A student who attends college full-time immediately after graduating from high school. Just over 50% graduate with a degree.
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Non-traditional post-secondary student
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A student who either attends college part-time or delays enrollment after high school graduation. Only 30% graduate with a degree.
Examples of non-traditional students: - delay entering college more than 1 year after HS - independent from parents - employed while enrolled - possess a GED - have children or are single parents |
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Intimacy vs. isolation
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Erikson's early adulthood stage, in which an individual must find a life partner or supportive friends in order to avoid social isolation. A poor sense of identity is a barrier to intimacy and one may face isolation.
Ex: A college student who shares his personal beliefs and feelings with his girlfriend because he wants to build a bond with her and get married. |
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Intimacy
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The capacity to engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship without losing one's own sense of self. Intimate partners can share views and feelings without fearing the relationship will end.
Ex: A wife who is able to tell her husband she is mad at him for not doing the laundry. She is able to express her true feelings even though it may upset her partner because she feels secure in her relationship. |
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Life structure
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In Levinson's theory, the underlying pattern or design of a person's life at a given time that includes all the roles an individual occupies, all of his or her relationships, and the conflicts and balances that exist among them. Each life period presents new tasks and conflicts and individuals create new life structures by responding to these psychologically.
Ex: see novice, mid-era and culmination examples |
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Novice phase
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The period of adjustment when a new life structure is required.
Ex: Bringing a new baby home from the hospital where the parents adjust to a lack of sleep and the constant demands of a newborn. |
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Mid-era phase
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Adults become more competent at meeting the new challenges through reassessment and reorganization of the life structure they created during the novice phase.
Ex: The parents of a newborn get used to their baby's schedule and develop a routine to better meet their baby's demands. |
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Culmination
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This phase occurs when adults have succeeded in creating a life structure that allows them to manage the demands of the new developmental challenges with more confidence and less distress.
Ex: Once everyone has settled into the new routine, the parents has adjusted to their new normal and much happier. |
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Emerging adulthood
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The period from the late teens to early twenties (17-22) when individuals face new economic, educational and social demands and explore options prior to committing to adult roles.
Ex: A HS senior decides what college major to choose. |
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Parental investment theory
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The theory that sex differences in mate preferences and mating behavior are based on the different amounts of time and effort men and women must invest in child rearing. Men see to maximize the survival of the species by maximizing offspring, whereas women want to minimize offspring because they spend so much time during pregnancy and child rearing.
Ex: A man may choose a woman he perceives as healthier for a mate, whereas a woman may choose a better economic provider for mate so they can focus on child rearing. |
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Social role theory
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The idea that sex differences in mate preferences and mating behavior are adaptations to gender roles and result from present-day realities. As women gained equality, women placed less emphasis on earning power and men's focus on domestic skills decreased.
Ex: Individuals look for more of an equal in a mate than just someone who can support their evolutionary needs. |
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Assortative mating (homogamy)
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Sociologists' term for the tendency to mate with someone who has traits similar to one's own. People are drawn to others with similar age, education, social class, religion, attitudes, interests, etc.
Ex: A couple starts dating because they meet at a yoga class and share an interest in exercise and physical fitness. They are able to spend time together running, doing yoga, etc. |
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Validating couples
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Partners who express mutual respect, even in disagreements and good listeners, resulting in successful marriages.
Ex: During an argument, they do not raise their voices and try to listen to the other person's point of view. |
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Volatile couples
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Partners who argue a lot, disagree and don't listen well to each other, but still have more positive (laughter and affection) than negative interactions, resulting in successful marriages.
Ex: Dr. Shadlow's friend's parents who would swear at each other one minute and make out the next. |
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Avoidant couples
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Conflict minimizers are partners who agree to disagree and who minimize conflict by avoiding each other, resulting in successful marriages.
Ex: A wife doesn't like that her husband leaving the toilet seat up but doesn't want to argue with him so she just learns to deal with it. |
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Hostile/engaged couples
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Partners who have frequent arguments and lack the balancing effect of humor and affection, often resulting in divorce.
Ex: A couple who fights all the time and rarely interacts with each other unless they are fighting. |
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Hostile/detached couples
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Partners who fight regularly, rarely look at each other and lack affection and support, often resulting in divorce.
Ex: A couple who rarely interacts with each other except for when they have brief volatile arguments. |
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Families of choice
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Social networks that consist of a stable partner and a circle of close friends.
Ex: Many gay couples consider their friends as family because their own families have rejected them because of their homosexuality. |
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How does same-sex marriage affect health?
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Some studies have shown that gay couples that are legally married experience less emotional distress and have a greater sense of personal well-being.
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What are the psychological effects of singlehood?
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Close relationships with their families of origin are more likely to be an important source of psychological and emotional intimacy. Close friends are likely to play a more prominent role in the social networks of singles than among non-singles.
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Social clock
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The ages at which adults are expected to achieve specific milestones. Milestones don't always have to occur at a specific age but rather at a certain developmental period.
Ex: Most people believe parents should be married and socially and economically established before having children. |
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What are the psychological effects of parenthood?
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Sensation seeking and risky behaviors decline considerably when young adults become parents.
Marital satisfaction declines after the birth of a child. However, there is less of a decline if the parents are married or cohabitating and/or are higher SES. |
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Kin keeper
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A family role, usually occupied by a woman, which includes responsibility for maintaining family and friendship relationships.
Ex: A wife who each year makes sure to send out the family Christmas cards or organize holiday family gatherings. |
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Career development
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The process of adapting to the workplace, managing career transitions and pursuing goals through employment.
Includes a growth, exploratory, establishment and maintenance stage, outlined by Super. |
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Growth stage of career development
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A period during which we learn about our abilities and interests.
Ex: An 8th grader takes wood shop at school and discovers she is really good at building things. |
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Exploratory stage of career development
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Occurs between 15-24 years old, a person must decide on a job or career, and searches for a fit between his interests and personality and the jobs available.
Ex: A college freshman who enjoys science and decides to major in biology to pursue a career as a PA. |
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Establishment/stabilization stage of career development
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Between the ages of 25-45, a person has entered his chosen occupation and begins to learn his job and move up the career ladder, possibly with the help of a mentor. He also strives to achieve his dream and his reason for entering into his chosen field.
Ex: A young scientist works hard to make an important discovery. |
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Maintenance stage of career development
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Beginning around 45 until retirement, this person works to protect and maintain the gains made in the establishment stage. Workers must keep up with new developments, acquire new skills and prepare for retirement.
Ex: A physician must continually attend continuing education courses and read journal articles to stay abreast of the latest medical advancements. |
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Work-life balance
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The interactive influences among employees' work and non-work roles.
Ex: An employee is able to leave work to go pick up his ill child from school without repercussion from his employer. |
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Quality of work-life movement
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An approach to enhancing job satisfaction basing job and workplace design on analyses of the quality of employee experiences in an organization. Work options include telecommuting, flextime and job sharing.
Ex: On-site child-care centers pay for themselves because it will reduce absenteeism and reduce stress levels among employees who are parents. |
