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85 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
a. What is the composition of the external auditory canal?
i. Outer 1/3 is cartilage
ii. Inner 2/3 is bone
b. How can you straighten the external auditory canal?
i. Pull up and back on pinna
c. What is the longest part of the external auditory canal? Why?
i. Anteroinferior corner
ii. Tympanic membrane sits at an oblique angle
d. What gives blood supply to the external auditory canal?
i. Superficial temporal
ii. Posterior auricular
iii. Deep auricular arteries
e. What innervates the external auditory canal?
i. Auriculotemporal nerve
ii. Vagus nerve→ small part near tympanic membrane
a. What separates the middle ear from the external auditory meatus?
i. Tympanic membrane
b. What are the two divisions of the middle ear cavity?
i. Tympanic cavity
ii. Epitympanic recess
c. Where is the tympanic cavity?
i. Medial to the tympanic membrane
d. Where is the epitympanic cavity?
i. Superior to the tympanic cavity
e. What part of the ear communicates with the mastoid air cells? Via what structure?
i. Middle ear cavity
ii. Auditory tube
f. What innervates the middle ear cavity?
i. Tympanic plexus
ii. Mostly glossopharyngeal nerve
g. What forms the roof of the middle ear?
i. Tegmen tympani
h. What does the tegmen tympani separate?
i. Middle ear cavity
ii. Middle cranial fossa
i. What structure passes through an aperture in the floor of the middle ear cavity?
i. Tympanic nerve
j. What does the floor of the middle ear separate?
i. Middle ear cavity
ii. Superior bulb of internal jugular vein
k. What does the medial wall of the middle ear separate?
i. Middle ear
ii. Inner ear
l. What forms the promontory?
i. Basal coil of cochlea
m. What structure covers the promontory?
i. Tympanic plexus
n. Where is the oval window with respect to the promontory?
i. Superoposterior
o. Where is the round window with respect to the promontory?
i. Inferoposterior
p. What forms the lateral wall of the middle ear?
i. Tympanic membrane
q. What innervates the tympanic membrane?
i. Auriculotemporal nerve on outer surface
ii. Vagus nerve on posteroinferior part
iii. Tympanic/glossopharyngeal on inner surface
r. What is the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane?
i. Upper part
s. What is the pars tensa of the tympanic membrane?
i. Lower part
t. What is used to dx disease of the tympanic membrane?
i. Cone of light-- reflection of light anteroinferior form the umbo
ii. Disease changes the look of cone of light
u. What does the anterior wall of the middle ear separate?
i. Middle ear
ii. Internal carotid artery
v. Where is the opening for the pharyngotympanic tube?
i. Anterior wall of middle ear
w. What muscle pierces the anterior wall of the middle ear? To what does it subsequently attach?
i. Tensor tympani
ii. Malleus
x. Where does the chorda tympani exit the middle ear?
i. Inferolateral portion of anterior wall
y. What does the posterior wall of the middle ear separate?
i. sMiddle ear
ii. Mastoid air cells
z. What is located in the superior aspect of the posterior wall of the middle ear? What does it lead to?
i. Aditus
ii. Mastoid antrum→ mastoid air cells
aa. Where is the stapedius muscle located?
i. Posterior wall of middle ear
ii. Encased in pyramid
bb. What nerves branch off the facial nerve in the middle ear?
i. Nerve to stapedius
ii. Chorda tympani
a. What portion of the malleus attaches to the umbo?
i. Manubrium
b. On what ossicle does the chorda tympani course?
i. Medial surface of malleus
ii. Above tensor tympani
c. What forms the lenticular process?
i. Downward projection of incus
d. What portion of the stapes fits in the oval window?
i. Base
e. What ossicle allows for transduction of ossicles motion to wave production in perilymph of the cochlea?
i. Stapes
a. What holds the stapes in position against the inner ear?
i. Annular ligament
a. What two muscles dampen excessive movements of the ossicles?
i. Tensor tympani
ii. Stapedius
b. Where does the tendon of the tensor tympani insert?
i. Manubrium of malleus
c. What is the action of the tensor tympani?
i. Pulls manubrium of malleus medially
ii. Tenses tympanic membrane
d. What innervates the tensor tympani?
i. Mandibular nerve
e. From where does the stapedius arise?
i. Pyramid
f. Where does the stapedius insert?
i. Neck of stapes
g. What is the action of the stapedius?
i. Pulls stapes posteriorly
ii. Stretches annular ligament to dampen vibrations
h. What innervates the stapedius?
i. Facial nerve→ Nerve to stapedius
a. From where does the tympanic nerve branch?
i. Glossopharyngeal nerve
b. What does the tympanic nerve carry?
i. Sensory fibers
ii. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
c. To what nervous structure does the tympanic nerve contribute?
i. Tympanic plexus
d. What do the sensory fibers of the tympanic nerve innervate?
i. Mucosa of middle ear
ii. Medial surface of the tympanic membrane
e. What do the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers join?
i. Lesser petrosal nerve
ii. Subsequently synapses in otic ganglion
f. What nerve crosses the tympanic membrane? Where does it subsequently run?
i. Chorda tympani
ii. Between malleus and incus
g. How does the chorda tympani exit the middle ear? With what nerve does it join?
i. Petrotympanic fissure
ii. Lingual nerve
h. What does the chorda tympani supply?
i. Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
ii. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that synapse in submandibular region
i. What are the branches of the facial nerve to the middle ear?
i. Greater petrosal nerve
ii. Nerve to stapedius
iii. Chorda tympani
j. What does the greater petrosal nerve supply?
i. Lacrimal ducts→ lacrimation
k. What is the ganglion of origin of the greater petrosal nerve? To where does it go?
i. Geniculate ganglion
ii. Pterygopalatine ganglion
a. How does the cochlear labyrinth communicate with the subarachnoid space?
i. Cochlear aqueduct
b. How does the vestibular membranous labyrinth communicate with the endolymphatic sac?
i. Vestibular aqueduct
c. What is the course of the scala vestibuli?
i. Begins at membrane of oval window
ii. Spirals towards apex
d. What is the course of the scala tympani?
i. Begins at apex
ii. Spirals to round window
e. How do the scala tympani and scala vestibuli communicate?
i. Helictrema
f. What fills the spaces within the cochlea?
i. Perilymph
g. Where is the cochlear duct located?
i. Between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani
h. What fills the cochlear duct?
i. Endolymph
i. Where is the spiral organ located?
i. Endolymph of cochlear duct
j. What stimulates hair cells within the spiral organs?
i. Tectorial membrane
ii. Basilar membrane
a. Where do neurons go after synapsing with hair cells of the spiral organ? What is their subsequent course?
i. Spiral ganglion
ii. Then to cochlear nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve)
b. How does the vestibulocochelar nerve exit the temporal bone?
i. Internal auditory meatus
c. Where do primary neurons from the vestibulocochlear nerve terminate? What do they subsequently form?
i. Secondary auditory neurons
ii. Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in pons/medulla junction
d. What does the dorsal cochlear nucleus sense?
i. High Hz
e. What does the ventral cochlear nucleus sense?
i. Low Hz
f. To where do most secondary neurons ascend?
i. Lateral lemniscus
g. Where do most secondary neurons within the lateral lemniscus terminate?
i. Inferior colliculus→ medial geniculate body of the thalamus→ auditory cortex of temporal lobe
a. What will a lesion in the external auditory canal cause?
i. Nausea and vomiting
ii. Due to vagus nerve innervation of gag reflex
b. What will damage to the auditory apparatus cause?
i. Loss or decrease in hearing in affected ear→ conduction deafness
c. What will a vestibular schwannoma cause?
i. Damage to components of 7th and 8th cranial nerves
d. What will interruption of the lateral lemniscus result in?
i. Partial deafness on contralateral side
a. What do the utricle and saccule sense?
i. Head tilt
ii. Translational accelerations
b. What are the 3 semicircular canals?
i. Lateral
ii. Anterior
iii. Posteiror
c. What doe the semicircular canals sense?
i. Rotational accelerations
d. What does the vestibular ganglion contain? Where is it located?
i. Cell bodies of maculae from organs within vestibular apparatus
e. What will damage to the vestibular apparatus cause?
i. Dizziness
ii. Loss of balance
iii. Abnormal eye movements
iv. Nausea and vomiting→ loss of vagal nucleus
f. What will damage by a vestibular schwannoma to the vestibulocochlear nerve look like?
i. Tinnitus
ii. Ipsilateral deafness
iii. Weakness/paralysis of facial muscles
iv. Loss of taste
v. Possible lack of glandular secretions