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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a. What is the composition of the external auditory canal?
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i. Outer 1/3 is cartilage
ii. Inner 2/3 is bone |
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b. How can you straighten the external auditory canal?
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i. Pull up and back on pinna
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c. What is the longest part of the external auditory canal? Why?
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i. Anteroinferior corner
ii. Tympanic membrane sits at an oblique angle |
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d. What gives blood supply to the external auditory canal?
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i. Superficial temporal
ii. Posterior auricular iii. Deep auricular arteries |
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e. What innervates the external auditory canal?
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i. Auriculotemporal nerve
ii. Vagus nerve→ small part near tympanic membrane |
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a. What separates the middle ear from the external auditory meatus?
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i. Tympanic membrane
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b. What are the two divisions of the middle ear cavity?
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i. Tympanic cavity
ii. Epitympanic recess |
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c. Where is the tympanic cavity?
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i. Medial to the tympanic membrane
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d. Where is the epitympanic cavity?
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i. Superior to the tympanic cavity
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e. What part of the ear communicates with the mastoid air cells? Via what structure?
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i. Middle ear cavity
ii. Auditory tube |
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f. What innervates the middle ear cavity?
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i. Tympanic plexus
ii. Mostly glossopharyngeal nerve |
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g. What forms the roof of the middle ear?
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i. Tegmen tympani
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h. What does the tegmen tympani separate?
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i. Middle ear cavity
ii. Middle cranial fossa |
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i. What structure passes through an aperture in the floor of the middle ear cavity?
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i. Tympanic nerve
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j. What does the floor of the middle ear separate?
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i. Middle ear cavity
ii. Superior bulb of internal jugular vein |
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k. What does the medial wall of the middle ear separate?
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i. Middle ear
ii. Inner ear |
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l. What forms the promontory?
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i. Basal coil of cochlea
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m. What structure covers the promontory?
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i. Tympanic plexus
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n. Where is the oval window with respect to the promontory?
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i. Superoposterior
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o. Where is the round window with respect to the promontory?
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i. Inferoposterior
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p. What forms the lateral wall of the middle ear?
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i. Tympanic membrane
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q. What innervates the tympanic membrane?
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i. Auriculotemporal nerve on outer surface
ii. Vagus nerve on posteroinferior part iii. Tympanic/glossopharyngeal on inner surface |
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r. What is the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane?
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i. Upper part
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s. What is the pars tensa of the tympanic membrane?
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i. Lower part
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t. What is used to dx disease of the tympanic membrane?
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i. Cone of light-- reflection of light anteroinferior form the umbo
ii. Disease changes the look of cone of light |
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u. What does the anterior wall of the middle ear separate?
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i. Middle ear
ii. Internal carotid artery |
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v. Where is the opening for the pharyngotympanic tube?
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i. Anterior wall of middle ear
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w. What muscle pierces the anterior wall of the middle ear? To what does it subsequently attach?
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i. Tensor tympani
ii. Malleus |
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x. Where does the chorda tympani exit the middle ear?
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i. Inferolateral portion of anterior wall
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y. What does the posterior wall of the middle ear separate?
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i. sMiddle ear
ii. Mastoid air cells |
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z. What is located in the superior aspect of the posterior wall of the middle ear? What does it lead to?
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i. Aditus
ii. Mastoid antrum→ mastoid air cells |
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aa. Where is the stapedius muscle located?
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i. Posterior wall of middle ear
ii. Encased in pyramid |
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bb. What nerves branch off the facial nerve in the middle ear?
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i. Nerve to stapedius
ii. Chorda tympani |
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a. What portion of the malleus attaches to the umbo?
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i. Manubrium
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b. On what ossicle does the chorda tympani course?
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i. Medial surface of malleus
ii. Above tensor tympani |
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c. What forms the lenticular process?
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i. Downward projection of incus
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d. What portion of the stapes fits in the oval window?
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i. Base
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e. What ossicle allows for transduction of ossicles motion to wave production in perilymph of the cochlea?
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i. Stapes
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a. What holds the stapes in position against the inner ear?
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i. Annular ligament
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a. What two muscles dampen excessive movements of the ossicles?
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i. Tensor tympani
ii. Stapedius |
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b. Where does the tendon of the tensor tympani insert?
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i. Manubrium of malleus
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c. What is the action of the tensor tympani?
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i. Pulls manubrium of malleus medially
ii. Tenses tympanic membrane |
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d. What innervates the tensor tympani?
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i. Mandibular nerve
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e. From where does the stapedius arise?
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i. Pyramid
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f. Where does the stapedius insert?
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i. Neck of stapes
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g. What is the action of the stapedius?
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i. Pulls stapes posteriorly
ii. Stretches annular ligament to dampen vibrations |
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h. What innervates the stapedius?
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i. Facial nerve→ Nerve to stapedius
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a. From where does the tympanic nerve branch?
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i. Glossopharyngeal nerve
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b. What does the tympanic nerve carry?
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i. Sensory fibers
ii. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers |
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c. To what nervous structure does the tympanic nerve contribute?
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i. Tympanic plexus
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d. What do the sensory fibers of the tympanic nerve innervate?
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i. Mucosa of middle ear
ii. Medial surface of the tympanic membrane |
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e. What do the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers join?
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i. Lesser petrosal nerve
ii. Subsequently synapses in otic ganglion |
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f. What nerve crosses the tympanic membrane? Where does it subsequently run?
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i. Chorda tympani
ii. Between malleus and incus |
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g. How does the chorda tympani exit the middle ear? With what nerve does it join?
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i. Petrotympanic fissure
ii. Lingual nerve |
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h. What does the chorda tympani supply?
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i. Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
ii. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that synapse in submandibular region |
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i. What are the branches of the facial nerve to the middle ear?
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i. Greater petrosal nerve
ii. Nerve to stapedius iii. Chorda tympani |
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j. What does the greater petrosal nerve supply?
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i. Lacrimal ducts→ lacrimation
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k. What is the ganglion of origin of the greater petrosal nerve? To where does it go?
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i. Geniculate ganglion
ii. Pterygopalatine ganglion |
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a. How does the cochlear labyrinth communicate with the subarachnoid space?
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i. Cochlear aqueduct
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b. How does the vestibular membranous labyrinth communicate with the endolymphatic sac?
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i. Vestibular aqueduct
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c. What is the course of the scala vestibuli?
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i. Begins at membrane of oval window
ii. Spirals towards apex |
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d. What is the course of the scala tympani?
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i. Begins at apex
ii. Spirals to round window |
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e. How do the scala tympani and scala vestibuli communicate?
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i. Helictrema
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f. What fills the spaces within the cochlea?
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i. Perilymph
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g. Where is the cochlear duct located?
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i. Between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani
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h. What fills the cochlear duct?
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i. Endolymph
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i. Where is the spiral organ located?
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i. Endolymph of cochlear duct
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j. What stimulates hair cells within the spiral organs?
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i. Tectorial membrane
ii. Basilar membrane |
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a. Where do neurons go after synapsing with hair cells of the spiral organ? What is their subsequent course?
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i. Spiral ganglion
ii. Then to cochlear nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve) |
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b. How does the vestibulocochelar nerve exit the temporal bone?
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i. Internal auditory meatus
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c. Where do primary neurons from the vestibulocochlear nerve terminate? What do they subsequently form?
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i. Secondary auditory neurons
ii. Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in pons/medulla junction |
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d. What does the dorsal cochlear nucleus sense?
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i. High Hz
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e. What does the ventral cochlear nucleus sense?
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i. Low Hz
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f. To where do most secondary neurons ascend?
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i. Lateral lemniscus
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g. Where do most secondary neurons within the lateral lemniscus terminate?
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i. Inferior colliculus→ medial geniculate body of the thalamus→ auditory cortex of temporal lobe
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a. What will a lesion in the external auditory canal cause?
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i. Nausea and vomiting
ii. Due to vagus nerve innervation of gag reflex |
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b. What will damage to the auditory apparatus cause?
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i. Loss or decrease in hearing in affected ear→ conduction deafness
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c. What will a vestibular schwannoma cause?
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i. Damage to components of 7th and 8th cranial nerves
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d. What will interruption of the lateral lemniscus result in?
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i. Partial deafness on contralateral side
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a. What do the utricle and saccule sense?
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i. Head tilt
ii. Translational accelerations |
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b. What are the 3 semicircular canals?
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i. Lateral
ii. Anterior iii. Posteiror |
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c. What doe the semicircular canals sense?
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i. Rotational accelerations
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d. What does the vestibular ganglion contain? Where is it located?
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i. Cell bodies of maculae from organs within vestibular apparatus
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e. What will damage to the vestibular apparatus cause?
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i. Dizziness
ii. Loss of balance iii. Abnormal eye movements iv. Nausea and vomiting→ loss of vagal nucleus |
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f. What will damage by a vestibular schwannoma to the vestibulocochlear nerve look like?
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i. Tinnitus
ii. Ipsilateral deafness iii. Weakness/paralysis of facial muscles iv. Loss of taste v. Possible lack of glandular secretions |