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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Soils is a mixture of mineral grains enclosing various sizes ofvoids that contain ________?
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Air(or other gases)
water organic matter |
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Geologist classify rocks into what groups?
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Igneous
metamorphic sedimentary |
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What is Igneous?
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rock formed by cooling from molten state
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What is Sedimentary ?
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rock formed by accumulation of particles and remains of plants and animals
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What is Metamorphic?
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rock formed by pressure and heat applied to existing rock
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Weathering is...
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physical and chemical process that transforms rock into a loose, incoherent mixture.
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_____ is found in mouths of river deltas.
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Alluvial
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_____ is found in fresh water lakes and rivers.
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lacustrine
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____ is found in dunes.
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aeolian
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_____ is found in eskers, kames, and moraines.
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glacial
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_____ pass the no. 200 sieve and exhibit plasticity and strength.
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Clay
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______ pass the no. 200 sieve and exhibit LITTLE plasticity and strength.
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Silt
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What is USCS?
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Unified
Soil Classified System |
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Materials retained on a 3 in. sieve are classified as......
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Cobbles
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Which Bulky particle shape is considered the most desirable for construction purposes?
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ANGULAR
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Well graded soils consist of ____ particle sizes.
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ALL
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How does a dense structure with a high degree of compactness occur?
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closely packed soil particles interlock with smaller grains
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Minimum-maximum specific gravity range of most inorganic soils is...
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2.60--2.80
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Which soil property has the greatest effect on soil when subject to loading?
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Moisture Content
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Hydroscopic Moisture is...
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Absorbed moisture in soil at any time
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Which of the following factors does the term "moisture content" (W) refer to?
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the proportion of the weight of water to the weight of dry soil expressed as a percentage
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Which of the following proporties of fined grained soil permits clay to be rolled into thin threads at certain moisture contents without crumbling?
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Plasticity
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The boundary where further loss of moisture change a soil's volume is...
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Shrinkage
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______ is the limit between the liquid and plastic state of a soil.
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Liquid Limit
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______ is the limit between the plastic and semisolid state.
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Plastic Limit
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which would be least affected by SOIL MOISTURE if a concrete buliding foundation is laid on?
*sand-clay admixture *fine-grained soil *gravel base *gravel-clay admixture |
*Gravel, moisture is most likely to escape since gravel is bigger than sand, fines, and clays
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What soil classification undergoes large volume changes with variations in moisture content?
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CLAY
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THREE major division of soil classifications?
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Course-grainded
Fined-grained Organic |
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Soil classification when less than half of the coarse- grained portion of a soil sample is retained on a No.4 sieve?
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GRAVEL
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Hand auger disturbed soil can be used for what?
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Compaction capabilities
Moisture content Soil profile |
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What do the sections on soil tags mean?
CB-P3-2 |
CB- project
P3- bag number 2- pit number 2 |
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Disturbed soils is good for what test?
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Mechanical analysis
Frost susceptibility Specific gravity |
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How much sample do you need to determine the moisture content of fine-grained soils |
100 grams |
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Moisture content samples dont need to be covered up to preserve moisture if test ishappening in how much time?
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24 hours
1 Day |
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Undisturbed soil samples are needed for
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In-place density
Shear strength Compressive strength |
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What soil type would an undisturbed chunk sample be best suited for sampling?
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Cohesionsless
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Whats after removing a CBR mold and undisturbed sample from a hole? |
remove upper collar and trim a 1/2 inch recess in the top of the mold |
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To be certain that the soil sample is representative of the whole sample _______ is done.
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Quartering
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What quarters are discarded from a quartering sample?
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two daigonally oppisite quarters
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What is the sequence of a soil test?
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1- moister content
2- grain sized and distributioin 3- specific gravity 4- Atterberg limits 5- moisture density relationship 6- field moisture content |
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Sieve analysis is applied to soil larger than the ____ sieve.
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No. 200
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Prewash is done in a normal dry analysis when?
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the sample contains cohesive soil forming hard lumps
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Retain on the No. 4 sieve
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Gravel
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Sands pass a No.___ and ___ on a_____.
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No. 4 sieve
retain No. 200 |
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what are fines
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soils that pass the No. 200
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Hydrometer Test is...
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Test you perform if 2% passes the No. 200 sieve and to determine the susceptibiltiy to frost.
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Following material should be tested for SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOLIDS after a sieve ananlysis...
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Passing the No. 4 sieve
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PI is the point at which the material...
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containss the greates water content and remains plastic.
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Retest material that is recorded above the ___ line on a USCS Plasticity Chart
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"U"
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Slump test measures
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Workability
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Which portion of a batch should a slump test be taken at 2 or more regularly spaced intervals?
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Middle Only
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How many times should each layer of a slump test be rodded?
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25
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how long should the slump test take?
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2-1/2 minutes
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What are the dimensions of a standard concrete cylinder specimen?
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6 in diameter by 12 in long
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A standard size cylinder specimen should be filled in _____ layers and rodded _____ times at each layer.
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3, 25
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Passes the 3 in and retained on the No. 4
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Gravels
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passes the No. 4 and retained ont he No. 200
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Sands
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Passes the No. 200
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Fines
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What is Bulky?
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Particles that are relatively large in all three dimensions
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What are Bulky soils?
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Well rounded
Sub rounded Sub angular angular |
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Plasticity Index=
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Liquid Limit - Plastic Limit
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3 places to collect soil from?
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Test pit
surface already existing excavations |
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Provides the most satisfactory results for studying the natual soil conditions
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Test Pits
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Sheet the soil moisture content determination is recorded on
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DD Form 1205
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Size of balls for Speedy
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1-1/4 inch
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The speedy uses what kind of chemical to get water content?
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Calcium Carbide
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How many scoops of reagent is added?
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3- 24g
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Grain size analysis is recorded on what paper?
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DD form 1206
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What is the Grain Size Distribution graph?
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DD Form 1207, used to plot sieve size and percentage passing sieve, using a french curve.
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Grain Size Analysis hydrometer method uses what form
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DD Form 1794,
measure fines passing the NO. 200 |
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Frost Suspectibility happens when
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if soil data contains 3% or more by weight of particles (Block 22b) smaller than .020 mm in diameter(Block 21)
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what is Stokes Law
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relates the terminal velocity of a free fallin sphere in a liquid to its diameter.
V= {(Gs-Gw)/ 18n}D^2 |
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Specific Gravity Test is done to soil passing...
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No. 4
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Specific Gravity Test is Recorded on
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DD form 1208
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Place how much soil onto the brass cup from the LL test
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20-25 grams
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How many groves are used on the LL test
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1-6 making a 13cm line
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the hight of the drop should be for the LL test
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1 centimeter
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How many revolutions per second for the cranking in the LL test
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2 per second
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What length do you roll the soil in the PL test at what time?
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3.2 cm in no more than 2mins
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Compression test are... |
Conducted to dermine a mix design's ability to resist a crushing force measured in pounds per square inch(PSI) |
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Flexural Test are...
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conducted to determine a concretes ability to resist a breaking force.
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Comprehensive test needs __ specimens tested at___ and ___ days.
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4
7 and 28 days |
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Tap side of mold of compressive how many times
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8-10
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Beam specimens measure...
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6x6x21 inches
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How many strokes for a concrete beam, layers, side taps, and penetration?
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63 times, 1 stroke per 2 sq in.
2 layers 10-15 taps per layer 1/2 in penetration into next layer. |
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Concrete type 1
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most regular concrete used for the simplest of projects
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Concrete type 1A
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Air entrained concrete, provides workability, and resistance to frost action, freezing, and thawing.
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Concrete type 2
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Concrete used where there are high heats and protection from sulfate(acid rain)
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Concrete type 2A
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Concrete used where there are high heats and protection from sulfate(acid rain) but with air entrained
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Concrete type 3
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Cement used when a high strength is needed quickly due to freezing.
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Concrete type 3A
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Cement used when a high strength is needed quickly due to freezing but air-entrained
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Concrete type 4
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Cement used when a low heat of hydration is desired. Hardens slowly in high temps. is not air entertained
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Concrete type 5
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Cement used when high sulfate resistance is required. Low in calcium aluminate.
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what does strength means in concrete?
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strength is the concretes ability to resist a load in compression.
Ratio of water to cement most important factor |
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Ideal Temp of concrete is...`
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55-70 degrees F
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The greatest improvement in water tightness and resistance to the disruptive actiohn of freezing is obtained how?
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Adding 4 to 7.5 percent volume of entrained air into concrete
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Specimen fails within the middle third
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R= (P x L )/(B x D^2)
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Speciemen fails with in the middle third by not more than 5%
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R= (3P xA) / (B x D^2)
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Compressive strength formula
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Compressive strength = P/A
P-load at the time of failure in pounds A-╥r^2 |
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Types of fractures: Cone |
_____ l \ /l l \/ l l / \ l l / \l _____ |
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Types of fractures: Cone and split |
_____ l l l l l l l / \ l l /_\ l |
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Types of fractures: cone and shear
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l /l l / l l /\ l l /_\l |
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Types of fractures: shear
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Cylinder with one diagnol line
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Types of Fractures: Columnar
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Viertical lines on the cylinder
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dimensions of the CBR(California bearing ratio) mold
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6in inside D, 7in inside hight, detachable collar 2in, and bottom disk 2.416in
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As the compactive effort is increased...
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the maximum density usually increases and the OMC(optimal moisture content) decreases.
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Pocedure C for the Compaction test use how much soil?
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75lbs dry soil
100lbs moist soil |
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Number of blows and layers for procedure C compaction test
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3test with 10,25 and 56blows
5 layers |
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Layers for the compaction test
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5 layers compacted down to 1 inch, last layer will not exceed the collar by 1/4 inches.
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Compaction Rod weighs how much for the standard proctor test and CBR mold
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5.5 lbs standard
10Lbs CBR |
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the vertical degree of the drop and highth |
5 degrees 18 in drop |
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What is the CBR test
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Used to obtain an indication of the strength of a subgrade soil, subbase, and base course material for use in road and infield pavements.
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Crank the jack to lower the piston of a CBR test...
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.05inch per minute
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what is the DCP
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dual mass dynamic cone penetrometer
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how many many molds with what material type are needed for the CBR test
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5 molds per 3 tests
of -4,-2,0,2,4 |
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For material passing the 3/4 sieve use what mold for compaction test?
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the 6in or CBR mold
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CBR uses about how much soil?
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225 pounds
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Which calibrations must be done when doing the sand cone density test?
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Jar volume,density of sand,and surface calibration
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The depth in inches for the sand displacement method is how many inches?
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6 inches
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how does the nuclear density meter determine the moisture of the soil?
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measures the hydrogen concentration in the soil
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how do you obtain the total load when performing the penetration test(part of CBR test) ?
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multipy the the proving ring dial and ring constant
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what is the hydrometer analysis?
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calculates the grain size of slits and clay by using Stokes law to help determine if soil is susceptible to frost
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particles that are in the hydrometer analysis must pass the____ sieve.
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the 200 sieve
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how much sand is required for hydrometer test?
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100 g sandy and 50g clay
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what cement is used to prevent staining and darkening?
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white
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if testing material to see if it is concrete what do you do?
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wet it and see if it hardens before 10hours
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what effect does organic material have on hydration process? |
prevents chemical reaction, cement adherence, and deterioration |
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when adding sea water to cement you should do what to compensate?
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decrease the water to cement ratio
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heavily reinforced slab 6-10 inches uses what size of aggregates?
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1-1/2 inches
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Gives a relative measure of the proportions of fine and coarse particles in an aggregate |
Fineness Modulus |
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at what constant rate in PSI is the test load for compressive strength applied to the cylinder
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20-50 psi
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what test do you perform to determine if a bitumen is an asphalt, an emulsion, or a tar?
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Solubility
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what test can asphalt cement be distinguished from asphalt cutback?
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Pour
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