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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True or False:
Ethanol is well tolerated by both the gastrointestinal system and the nervous system in significant quantities. |
True
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A ________ is half a percent of alcohol.
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Proof
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An 80 proof beverage is about _____ % of ethanol.
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40
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Do males have a higher tolerance to alcohol than females?
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Yes
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Alcohol readily crosses the BBB and has effects on _______ receptors.
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NMDA
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Where is the highest concentration of ethanol?
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In the GI system
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Where is the lowest concentration of ethanol?
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In the peripheral veins
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True or false:
When ingesting low levels of alcohol (1 drink) the concentration goes up initially, hits the peak, and then declines rapidly as it begins to clear out of the system. |
True
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Ingesting a single dose of ethanol, well over 70-75% will be cleared out of the body in about _______.
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2-2.5 hours
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Alcohol Dehydrogenase
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Is known as the rate-limiting enzyme
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Trace the Degradation of EtOH in the CNS
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EtOH ---> Alcohol dehydrogenase (ALD) > Acetaldehyde ----> aldehyde dehydroogenase (AD) > Acetic Acid > Excreted or use in Kreb cycle (to be metabolize)
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Trace the Degradation in Liver
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EtOH ----> cytochrome > acetaldehyde ----> Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (AD) > Acetic Acid ----> Acetate decarboxylase >H20 + CO2
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EtOH can alter DA metabolism, producing opioids
TRACE |
DA ---> MAO > DOPAld ---> aldehyde dehydrogenase (AD) > DOPAc > COMT
DA and DOPAld -----> condensation and lost of H20 > Tetrahydropapaveroline (THP) |
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Tetrahydropapaveroline
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THP
acts as agonist for opioids receptors |
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Heroin is an agonist for what kind of receptors?
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Opiods
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There is not an infinite amount of _________ enzymes to break down acetaldehyde.
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Dehydrogenase
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Hangover is linked to excessive amounts of ___________ still present in the body.
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Toxic aldehyde intermediates
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_________ is readily excreted and used in other metabolic pathways.
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Acetate
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There are many toxic ______ produced which can cause toxic damage to the _______.
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Byproducts
Liver |
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Condensation of DA produces ________.
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Tetradydropapaveroline (THP)
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Name an endogenous opiod
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Tetradydropapaveroline (THP)
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Is there a straightforward pathway to clear THP out of the body?
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No
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What is a common substance found in CSF in patients who have significantly impaired liver function (such as alcoholics)?
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Tetradydropapaveroline (THP)
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Does THP induce psychological effects (such as hallucinations) or analgesic effects?
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Psychological effects
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What is the initial low dose of ethanol known as?
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A social lubricant
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The later higher dose of ethanol is ____________.
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Depressive, acts as a sedative, triggers aggression, triggers an emetic reflex, and has major cognitive and motor impairments.
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The next day (or after the high dose) is linked with lingering __________.
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Aldehydes
Hangover, HA, irritability, sensory sensitivity, memory impairments, and dehydration. |
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Alcohol consumption while pregnant can lead to ________.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Most effects on the CNS are caused no by alcohol but by __________ especially _________.
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Vitamin deficiency
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) |
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Alcohol leads to _______ of the liver.
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Cirrhosis
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As alcoholism _______ develops, larger doses of alcohol are required for __________.
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Tolerance
Intoxication |
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With alcoholism gradual development of __________ develops. Smaller doses of alcohol are now intoxicating.
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Reverse tolerance
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Long term alcoholism leads to _____________ which can lead to ________.
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Vitamin B1 deficiency
Korsakoff's Syndrome |
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____________ is a GABA A modulator.
It enhances the binding affinity for _______ to GABA A receptors. |
Propofol
GABA |
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Nitrous Oxide
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Volatile Anesthetic
AKA Laughing gas Used for dental surgery |
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Carbon Monoxide
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Volatile Anesthetic
Has similar effects to nitrous oxide but causes death due to oxygen displacement |
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Diethyl Ether
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Volatile Anesthetic
1st used, fairly toxic, extremely explosive, abandoned |
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Chloroform
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Volatile Anesthetic
Sedates quickly, highly toxic, abandoned Used in labs to remove lipids from tissue |
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Halothane
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Volatile Anesthetic
Highly associated with liver toxicity, abandoned. |
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Isoflurane
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Volatile Anesthetic
Widely used, fluorinated hydrocarbon, mostly used in animal anesthesia |
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Enflurane
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Volatile Anesthetic
Widely used, fluorinated hydrocarbon |
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Sevoflurane
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Volatile Anesthetic
Widely used, fluorinated hydrocarbon Can be safely used with pregnant pt |
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Tandem Pore K+ Channels Ca2+ sensitivity
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Insensitive to Ca2+ channels
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Tandem Pore Activators
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Halothane, Isoflurane, Sevoflurane,
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Tandem Pore Blockers
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None known
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Tandem Pore K+ Channels can be physiologically inactivated by _______ causing a ________ which helps inactivate these channels. It helps regulate breathing
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Hypoxia
pH change |
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Ketamine
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Dissociative Anesthetic
AKA horse tranquilazer Veterinary anesthesia, does not put them under. It acts on the PCP site of NRs. |
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Dextromethorphan
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Dissociative Anesthetic
Active ingredient in most cough syrups Acts on the PCP site of NRs. |
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Phencyclidine (PCP)
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Dissociative Anesthetic
NMDA receptor Acts on the PCP site of NRs. |
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Dissociative Anesthetics are
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Drugs that make you feel like a procedure is occurring to someone else.
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Propofol
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I.V. GABA A modulator
Milk of amnesia non-barbiturate non-analgesic |
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Memantine
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Dissociative Anesthetic
Alzheimer's binds to PCP site These have hallucinatory effects |
