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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do fat-soluble vitamins req for absorption?
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a little bit of fat.
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average daily dietary intake of a nutrient that is sufficient to meet the requirement of nearly all (97-98%) healthy persons = ?
amount estimated to meet the requirement of half of all healthy individuals in the population = ? |
- RDA (recommended daily allowance)
- estimated average req (EAR) |
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highest daily intake that is likely to pose no risks of toxicity for almost all individuals; as intake above the UL increases, risk increases = ?
only established when an RDA cannot be determined; a nutrient either has an RDA or a(n) ___; based on observed nutrient intakes in a group of healthy persons |
Tolerable upper intake level (TL)
Adequate intake (AI) |
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Given the problem, tell me what nutritional deficiency is associated:
- scurvy - beriberi - pellagra - goiter, cretinism - rickets - pernicious anemia Can minimal intakes prevent these issues? |
Vit C
Thiamin Niacin Iodine Vit D B12 yes, except when due to non-nutritional causes. |
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Night blindness, xerophthalmia (dryness of the eye), Bitot’s spots (white accumulations of sloughed cells & secretions), keratomalacia (irreversible changes in eye and cornea)
- signs of deficiency in what? |
Vit A.
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bone/muscle pain, cirrhosis, dry itchy skin, conjunctivitis; excess beta-carotene may present orange skin, but is not toxic.
- excess of which vitamin group causes this? |
- Vit A (retinoids & carotenoids)
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hypercalcemia and calcification of soft tissues are sx of toxicity of which vitamin?
- can this be acheived through sun-exposure? |
Vit D.
- no, only through supplementation. |
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Which rare deficiency is characterized by neurological problems associated with nerve degeneration in hands and feet?
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Vit E deficiency.
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What are the fx of Vit E?
- sources? - toxicity sx? |
potent antioxidant, immune function, DNA repair
- vegetable oils, nuts, leafy greens, fortified cereals increased bleeding and impaired blood coagulation |
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What fat soluble vit is found in dark leafy greens, broccoli, cabbage?
- is this the only source? - deficiency sx? - There are no known tox sx of this vitamin; but what does over supplementation w/ menadione do? - can interfere w/ which classes of drugs? |
Vit K
- no, small amounts are made in GI via bacterial synthesis. - various problems with blood coagulation (bleeding into skin/bruising, from nose, into stomach, etc), increased risk of fractures/reduced bone density; life-threatening bleeding in newborns in/around brain may occur (all newborns should be given a vit K injection) - hemolytic anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice - anticoags, like warfarin. |
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What are toxicity sx of Vit C?
- deficiency causes? |
nausea/diarrhea.
- scurvy: bruising, gum and dental problems, dry hair and skin, and anemia; corkscrew hair, perifollicular bleeding (defective keratin synth disrupts hair growth) |
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Match B6, B12, and folate with the following deficiency sx:
- dermatitis, glossitis, convulsions - megaloblastic anemia, diarrhea, fatigue - megaloblastic anemia, peripheral nerve degeneration, glossitis. |
- B6
- Folic acid - B12 |
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Asthmatic children are at risk of deficiency of which B complex vitamin?
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B6.
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Toxicity sx of B6? B12?
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neuropathy
no known effects |
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Folic acid can correct the ____ cause by B12 deficiency, but not the ____.
Large amounts of folate can trigger damaging effects of what? |
anemia
nerve damage. B12 deficiency. |
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What is the usefulness of Copper?
- deficiency? - toxicity? |
enzyme cofactor; required for Fe absorption.
- low RBC and WBC, muscle spasms - liv damage, kidney fail, coma, death |
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Deficiency in what trace mineral can lead to G intolerance? What is the normal fx of this mineral?
- sources? |
Chromium.
- helps the body use insulin - grains, nuts, cheeses. |
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growth retardation, impaired immune fxn, mental lethargy.... repeated skin infections, bullous-pustular dermatitis, diarrhea, alopecia
Think deficiency in which trace mineral? |
Zinc
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What is the difference between enriched and fortified?
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enriched: adds back nutrients originally present but lost during food processing
fortified: adds nutrients to foods that weren't originally present. |
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What does the evidence say re: vitamin pills and cancer/CVD?
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fails to prevent.
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Do dietary supplements need to declare their active ingredients, expiration date, and/or known risks?
Any product that contains: vitamins, minerals, plant parts, amino acids, metabolites, or food components... is called a..? |
no.
dietary supplement. |
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St. John's wort
Ginkgo biloba panax ginseng saw palmetto feverfew ... all do what re: dangerous side effects? |
increase bleeding tendency.
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