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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Give me the Mifflin-St Jeor formula and the Harris-Benedict Formula.
Do they address activity lvl? What do they incorporate? |
10 x (kg) + 6.25 x (cm) - 5 x (years) [ + 5 = Men] [-161 = Women]
screw the Harris-benedict one. age, weight, and height. |
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150 kcal/day of defecit = how much loss per week?
What is considered to be an appropriate goal for moderate weight loss? |
0.3lbs of body fat.
deficit of 500-1000 kcal/d --> 1-2lbs per week of loss. |
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What are the two general types of signals, and their examples?
What are they secreted in proportion to? |
GI signals:
- CCK, GLP-1, PYY, Ghrelin + secreted proportionally to consumption --> influence meal size Adiposity signals: - insulin, leptin, adiponectin + long-term action, affects energy balance behaviors.... secreted proportionally to total fat stores. |
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What is the "classic" satiety signal?
- where secreted from? - in response to what? - dose dependent? |
CCK
- duodenal peptide secreted from I cells. - dietary lipid or protein - yes |
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GLP-1
- type of signal? - origin? - response to? - relation to the "ileal break"? - I effects? |
- satiety signal
- proglucagon of ileum/colon intestinal L cells - CHO injection - this is the major component. - stim insulin secretion. |
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What signal is secreted in proportion to calories (notably lipids), in which larger meals significantly increase release? It also freely crosses the BBB, and the result of it's action is reduced food intake. There have been studies linking this genetically speaking to the pathogenesis of obesity.
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Peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY).
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Ghrelin:
- stimulates what? |
- intake; relates to the anticipatory aspect of feeding
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Large, unstable fat cells secrete what that attracts macrophage? What does this do to insulin receptors?
Can FFA influx do the same things to insulin receptors? |
TNF-a. Triggers improper phos of insulin receptors --> blocks insulin signal.... theorized to lead to obseity.
yes. |
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What does leptin do?
- what is present in obese humans? - can it cross BBB? - signal sent is proportional to what? |
released from white adipocytes, signals to increase physical activity and reduce dietary intake.
- leptin resistance - yes - proportional to amount of fat stores in the body |
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What does adiponectin?
- does what to insulin sensitivity? |
adipocytokine, ^ influx and oxidation of FFA in skeletal muscle.
- improves it. |
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What gene has been shown to be associated with increased susceptibility to obesity/associated traits, which much of the influence being exerted in childhood/adolescence?
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FTO: fat mass and obesity associated gene
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POMC and it's cleaved form a-MSH (melanocyte stim hormone) interact with which receptor to cause what effect?
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interact w/ PVN melanocortin receptors MC3R/MC4R to inhibit feeding and promote weight loss.
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What do NPY neurons release? (2) What does they do, respectively?
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neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) NPY interacts w/ Y receptors of PVN, stimulating food INTAKE. AgRP antagonizes MC3R/MC4R receptors --> counteracting POMC/a-MSH signal. |
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Under normal conditions, the body becomes ____ to satiety signals when overeating or weight gain has occured.
Which area of the brain is responsible for integrating these signals? - key affectors? |
more sensitive.
Hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) - insulin and leptin |
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In which form is most of the energy in the body stored?
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Adipose tissue
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For any given body weight, the ___ the body fat %, the ____ the BMR (basal metabolic rate).
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lower, higher.
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What is a respiratory quotient (RQ)?
- what is fasting normal? - where can these measurements be made? |
An individual’s actual RQ is the result of the simultaneous oxidation
of all 3 energy substrates. Normal RQ fasting is 0.82. - in a metabolic chamber |
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What is the first fuel to be used in a fed state by all tissues except the heart? What does the heart prefer? What is the RQ in this happy, fed state?
What does the body switch to in the short-term fasting state for fuel? RQ? Longer term fasting? RQ? Severe starvation? |
Glucose. Lipids.
~1.0 protein, RQ nears .83 Fat. 0.70 more severe protein breakdown. |
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Basal energy expenditure (BEE) is usually what % of total EE? Physical activity?
What is TEF? |
60-75%
15-30% Thermal effect of feeding (15%) |
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In the national registry for weight loss, the people sucessful in losing weight had, on average ____ min of exercise a day.
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60min.
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