Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Name some diseases that affect the pharynx
|
dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP)
pharyngeal collapse cleft palate pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia choanal atresia |
|
|
What are the two forms of DDSP?
|
intermittent
persistent |
|
|
The soft palate displaces above what structure?
|
the epiglottis
|
|
|
What type of obstruction does DDSP cause?
a) inspiratory b) expiratory c) both |
c) both
|
|
|
Cx of DDSP
|
exercise intolerance
respiratory noise gurgling or choking down dysphagia if persistent |
|
|
Dx of DDSP
|
treadmill endoscopy
endoscopy immediately after exercise |
|
|
Two BROAD tx options for DDSP
|
medical management
Sx |
|
|
What are the conservative tx options for DDSP
|
conditioning unfit horse
tack changes including figure-8 noseband tongue ties |
|
|
Surgical procedures for fixing DDSP...GO!
|
tie forward procedure
Staphylectomy myectomy/tendinectomy epiglottic augmentation |
|
|
What is tied in a tie forward procedure, and in what direction does this move the larynx? (it's more than just forward)
|
basihyoid to thyroid cartilage
moves larynx dorsal and rostral |
|
|
Cx of pharyngeal collapse
|
dyspnea
respiratory noise exercise intolerance |
|
|
Dx of pharyngeal collapse
|
endoscope
|
|
|
Tx for pharyngeal collapse
|
rest
NSAIDs throat spray THERE IS NO SX AVAILABLE |
|
|
T or F
Cleft palate is a congenital abnormality of the hard palate |
false! Soft +/- hard
|
|
|
Cx of cleft palate
|
milk or feed out both nostrils
coughing aspiration pneumonia ill-thrift |
|
|
Dx of cleft palate
|
endoscopy
oral exam rads |
|
|
Tx for cleft palate
|
surgical correction via pharyngotomy or mandibular symphysiotomy
|
|
|
Px for cleft palate?
|
guarded
|
|
|
What pathology is common in young horses and is usually an incidental finding?
|
pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia
|
|
|
Tx for pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia
|
rest
NSAIDs |
|
|
What is a congenital abnormality associated with failure of the bucconasal membrane to resorb?
|
choanal atresia
|
|
|
What are the two types of choanal atresia? Who are they common/rare in?
|
membranous or bony
common in crias, rare in foals |
|
|
Cx of choanal atresia
|
dyspnea
loud respiratory noise |
|
|
Dx of choanal atresia
|
endoscopy
rads PE |
|
|
Tx for choanal atresia
|
excision of membrane via nasal boneflap or endoscopy
|
|
|
Px for choanal atresia
|
poor
|
|
|
What are some diseases of the larynx?
|
idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia
arytenoid chondritis epiglottic entrapment subepiglottic cyst/abscess rostral displacement of palatopharyngeal arch tracheal collapse |
|
|
laryngeal hemiplagia is a partial or complete paralysis of what muscle?
|
cricoarytnoideous dorsalis
|
|
|
What nerve is involved in roar?
|
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
|
|
|
Which version of laryngeal hemiplasia is seen the most?
a) unilateral right sided b) bilateral right sided c) unilateral left sided d) bilateral left sided |
c) unilateral left sided
|
|
|
Cx of laryngeal hemiplasia
|
exercise intolerance
poor performance noise on inspiration inspiratory dyspnea muscle atrophy on palpation |
|
|
Grade?
asynchronous movement of left arytenoid full abduction when swallowing or nasal occlusion |
grade 3
|
|
|
grade?
symmetrical synchronous abduction and adduction |
grade 1
|
|
|
grade?
complete paralysis of left arytenoid dynamic collapse during exercise |
grade 4
|
|
|
grade?
some asynchronous movement of left arytenoid partial but not full abduction of arytenoid |
grade 2
|
|
|
What are methods for testing laryngeal function?
|
slap test
nasal occlusion treadmill exam |
|
|
Describe a slap test
|
slap the horse on the withers
reflex via accessory nerve causes brief adduction of opposite arytenoid look for symmetry |
|
|
Does a slap (a bitch) test replace dynamic testing?
|
nope
|
|
|
Describe nasal occlusion
|
use fingrs over bridge of nose to temporarily occlude airflow
abduction of arytenoid cartilaged with increased effort mimics dynamic condition |
|
|
Which grades of laryngeal hemiplagia do NOT require tx?
|
1 and 2
|
|
|
Tx options for grades 3 and 4
|
laryngoplasty (tie-back)
removal of vocal cord +/- ventricle or saccule NM pedicle graft |
|
|
Pick the correct options...
A tie-back is done with a (lateral/medial) approach ventral to (facial/linguofacial) vein |
lateral
linguofacial vein |
|
|
Where are the sutures placed during a tie-back?
|
from cricoid notch of cricoid cartilage to the muscular process of the arytnoid cartilage
|
|
|
What type of suture is used in a tie-back
|
braided
nonabsorbable |
|
|
T or F
a tie back fixes the arytenoid in adduction |
false
abduction |
|
|
Complications associated with doing a tie back
|
aspiration
coughing dysphagia wound drainage/infection failure |
|
|
In a NM pedicle graft, what nerve is taken and from what muscle?
|
first cervical nerve
omohyoideus |
|
|
When is a NM pedicle graft a good choice of tx?
|
young horse
early staged disease |
|
|
Is a NM pedicle graft technically difficult?
|
so they say, but I actually just did one
|
|
|
How many months does it take to see the effects of a NM pedicle graft?
|
6 to 12 mo
|
|
|
A crazy rich owner does there own endoscope exam while their horse is in the stall. They then call and yell at you telling you your NM pedicle graft clearly didn't work and they are going to sue you (meow meow is your client). What do you need to tell them?
|
With a NM pedicle graft the arytenoid will only abduct during exercise and they should NOT see a difference at rest.
|
|
|
What is aytenoid chondritis?
|
inflammation fo the arytenoid cartilage that is probably related to chronic low grade infection
|
|
|
What type of obstruction does arytenoid chondritis cause?
a) inspiratory b) expiratory c) both |
c) both
|
|
|
Cx of arytenoid chondritis
|
exercise intolerance
laryngeal hemiplegia respiratory noise |
|
|
Dx of arytenoid chondritis
|
endoscopy
rads |
|
|
Tx optons for arytenoid chondritis
|
rest/abx/NSAIDs
laser removal of granulation tissue arytenoidectomy permanent tracheostomy |
|
|
Is complete removal of the arytenoids recommended?
|
no d/t dysphagia
|
|
|
Complications of an arytenoidectomy
|
post op swelling for 3-5 days
excessive granulation tissue inadequate airway for athletic function coughing aspiration |
|
|
Epiglottic entrapment occurs when the fold displaces which direction to entrap the epiglottis?
|
dorsally
|
|
|
Cx of epiglottic entrapment
|
exercise intolerance
may cause a respiratory noise coughing no cx |
|
|
Dx for epiglottic entrapment
|
endoscopy
|
|
|
What fraction of epiglottic entrapment horses have ulceration? what about epiglottic hypoplasia
|
1/2 will be ulcerated
1/3 will have epiglottic hypoplasia |
|
|
Tx for epiglottic entrapment
|
laryngotomy or laser excision
Diode or ND:YAG laser via endoscope NSAIDs throat spray 10% formalin injections (alternative tx) |
|
|
What pathology is caused by a congenital abnormality due to defects of the 4th branchial arch?
|
rostral displacement of palatopharyngeal arch
|
|
|
rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch is a complex of abnormalities of what 2 structures?
|
larynx and pharnyx
|
|
|
rostral displacement of palatopharyngeal arch is secondary to what other pathology?
|
arytenoid chondritis
|
|
|
Is there sx tx for rostral displacement of palatopharyngeal arch?
|
No! So why do we give a ****?
|
|
|
Dx and tx of axial deviation of aryepiglottic folds
|
Dx: high speed treadmill with endoscopy
Tx: transendoscopic laser to exercise redundant tissue |
|
|
In retroversion of the epiglottis, the epiglottis obstructs the airway in...
a) inspiration b) expiration c) both |
a) inspiration
|
|
|
What are some things that retroversion of the epiglottis is secondary to?
|
ln abscessation (strangles)
respiratory disease pharyngotomy incision |
|
|
Is there a sx tx option for retroversion of the epiglottis?
|
of course not. That would make sense in a LA sx class
|
|
|
Is tracheal collapse common?
|
nope
|
|
|
How is tracheal collapse txed?
|
Surgical tracheal reconstruction
|
