Dysphagia Final

Front 1

2 Main Parts of Pulmonary System

Back 1

Upper Respiratory Tract
Lower Respiratory Tract

Front 2

Upper Respiratory Tract

Back 2

– Nose
– Nasal Cavity
– Pharynx

Front 3

Lower Respiratory Tract

Back 3

– Larynx
– Trachea
– Bronchi
– Lungs

Front 4

Trachea to bronchioles

Back 4

 The trachea begins at the inferior edge of the larynx and divides into 2 bronchi which divide into smaller bronchioles that branch into the lungs forming the passageways for air.

Front 5

Right Main Stem Bronchus

Back 5

 Right main stem bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertical than the left main stem bronchus.
 It is the reason aspirated contents may end up in the right lung more than the left.

Front 6

Alveoli

Back 6

 The terminal parts of the bronchioles are the alveoli.
 The alveoli are the functional units of the lungs being the site of gaseous exchange (O2 gets picked up by hemoglobin)
 300 million alveoli in the lungs

Front 7

Lungs

Back 7

 The right lung has 3 lobes and is slightly larger than the left lung which has 2 lobes.
 The lungs are separated by a mediastinum which contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and many lymph nodes

Front 8

The Pleural Space

Back 8

 The pleura is the thin covering that protects and cushions the lungs.
 It is made up of two thin layers with a very small fluid-filled space in between the layers called the pleural space.

Front 9

Ventilation Basics

Back 9

 Moving gas into and out of the lungs
 During normal breathing, a volume of air is inhaled through the airways into millions of alveoli.
 At the alveoli it mixes with CO2-rich gas coming from the blood and then exhaled back through the airways into the atmosphere
 Normal cycle is about 12 breaths per minute at rest (more if excitement or exercise and more in infants)

Front 10

Gas Exchange

Back 10

 Gas exchange is the function of the lungs
 It is required to remove CO2 from the blood that has been collected from the cells of the body.
 It is required to deliver O2 to the blood for distribution to the cells of the body

Front 11

The “dead space”

Back 11

 Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in the alveoli, not in the conducting airways that carry gas to and from the atmosphere to/from these terminal regions.
 The volume of these conducting airways is called the anatomical “dead space” because it does not participate directly in gas exchange.

Front 12

Normal Ventilation

Back 12

 The body selects a combination of a tidal volume that is large enough to clear the dead space and add fresh gas to the alveoli, and at a breathing rate that assures the correct amount of ventilation is produced.

Front 13

Respiratory Disease

Back 13

 Respiratory diseases affect the conduction of gas through the airways and/or the terminal regions that are directly involved in the gas exchange.
 Either way, the body does not get enough O2 and/or does not eliminate CO2 adequately.

Front 14

Common Respiratory Diseases

Back 14

 Asthma
 Bronchitis
 COPD
 Emphyzema
 Pleural Effusion
 Empyema
 Pneumothorax
 Hemothorax
 Pneumonia

Front 15

Asthma

Back 15

 When the airways react to allergens and irritants by narrowing which restricts air flow in and out of lungs.

Front 16

Bronchitis

Back 16

 Acute bronchitis – viral or bacteria infection inflames that bronchial tubes and causes production of thick, yellow mucous.
 Chronic bronchitis – caused by long term irritation of the bronchial tubes (3 months or longer). Constant exposure to irritants causes damage to the bronchioles

Front 17

Emphysema

Back 17

 Progressive destruction of the alveoli and the surrounding supportive tissue causing the walls of the alveoli to collapse

Front 18

COPD

Back 18

 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
– A chronic lung disorder that result in blocked airflow to the lungs
– A combination of bronchitis and emphysema

Front 19

Pleural Effusion

Back 19

 An accumulation of fluid between the layers of the membrane the lines the outside of the lungs and chest cavity wall.

Front 20

Empyema

Back 20

 An infected pleural effusion
 Instead of fluid filling the pleural space, it has turned to infected pus

Front 21

Pneumothorax

Back 21

 A collection of gas or air in the pleural space
 It can casue so much pressure on the lung that the lung collapses

Front 22

Hemothorax

Back 22

 Blood in the pleural space

Front 23

Pneumonia

Back 23

 An inflammation of the lung caused by infection (bacterial, viral and fungal)

Front 24

Mechanical Ventilation

Back 24

 A ventilator is an automatic mechanical device designed to provide all or part of the work the body must produce to move gas into and out of the lungs
 When a patient is unable to ventilate on his/her own, a ventilator is needed.