Dysarthria

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Dysarthria

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Motor speech disorder in children or adults that can effect respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, or resonatory system

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Types of Dysarthria

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Flaccid, Ataxic, Spastic, Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron, Hypokinetic, Hyperkinetic, Mixed

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Flaccid Dysarthria

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caused by damage to one or more of spinal or cranial nerves

Clinical Characteristics: weakness, hypotonia and reduced reflexes, atrophy, fasciculations and fibrillations, hypernasal speech, poor articulation, and breathy voice

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Ataxic Dysarthria

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caused damage to cerebellar control circuit, particularly the vermis

Clinical Characteristics: Slurred speech, “drunken” quality, dramatic deterioration of speech, inability to coordinate breathing with speaking, stumble over words, reduced muscle tone, incoordination, inaccuracy in range, timing, force, and direction of speech movements, irregular, jerky speech, syllable repetitions

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Spastic Dysarthria

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caused by bilateral damage to the direct and indirect activation pathways of CNS

Clinical Characteristics: excessive muscle tone and weakness during speech (neuromuscular resistance to movement), strained-strangled voice, harshness, extremely poor articulation, low pitch, slow, effortful speech (speaking against resistance), fatigue during speech occasionally with accompanying deterioration of speech, nasal speech, dysphagia, drooling

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Hypokinetic Dysarthria

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damage to substantia nigra

Clinical Characteristics: reduced force and range of movement, rigidity, slow individual, but fast repetitive movements, weak voice with intermixed hesitations and brief rushes of speech, quiet/weak voice, fast rate of speech, difficulty starting speech, drooling and swallowing difficulties

Associated with Parkinson's Disease

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Hyperkinetic Dysarthria

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associated to diseases of basal ganglia control circuit, damage to the caudate and putament (Huntington’s chorea)

Clinical Characteristics: unpredictable, slow or rapid, abnormal, irregular or rhythmic involuntary movements of speech (dykinesias), irregularities in pitch, loudness, and rate of speech, frequent tics and stopping of speech, slurred, halting, slow, “hard to get out” speech, swallowing/chewing difficulties, shaky voice

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Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron Dysarthria (UUMN)

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damage to upper motor neuron (UMN) pathways (supply speech muscles via impulses to cranial and spinal nerves)

Clinical Characteristics: weakness in tongue and face

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Mixed Dysarthria

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damage that affects multiple components of motor system

Clinical Characteristics: imprecise consonants , hypernasality, harsh voice quality, slow rate, monopitch, short phrases, distorted vowels, low pitch, monoloudness, excess and equal stress, prolonged intervals