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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are BABY BOOMERS?
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The generation of Americans born between 1946 and 1964
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What are CROSS-CUTTING CLEAVAGES?
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Divisions that split society into small groups so that in different policy areas, people have different allies and opponents, and so that no group forms a majority on all
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What is FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY?
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The trend in the United States in which families headed by women account for a growing share of the people who live below the poverty line
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What is PLURALISM?
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The theory that political power is spread widely and that on different issues different groups of people exercise power
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What is the RUST BELT?
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The major industrial states of the Northeast and Midwest that did not enjoy great population or economic growth in the second half of the twentieth century
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What is the SUN BELT?
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The states in the South, Southwest, and West Coast- areas that have experienced tremendous population and economic growth since 1950
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What are ATTENTIVE PUBLICS or ISSUE PUBLICS?
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People who follow a particular issue closely, are well informed about it and have strong opinions on it
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What is ATTITUDE CONSISTENCY?
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The degree to which a person's political opinions all fall at the same point on the liberal-conservative dimension
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What are ATTITUDES?
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Preferences on specific issues
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What is CONSERVATISM?
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The political philosophy that government should plat a minimal role in society (except in the area of traditional moral values) with goal of ensuring all its citizens economic freedom
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What are ECONOMIC ISSUES?
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Issues relating to the distribution of income and wealth in society
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What is IDEOLOGY?
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An elaborate set of interrelated beliefs with overarching, abstract principles that make people's political philosophies coherent
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What are ISSUE PUBLICS or ATTENTIVE PUBLICS?
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People who follow a particular issue closely, are well informed about it, and have strong opinions on it
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What is LEFT?
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The liberal end of the political spectrum
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What is LIBERALISM?
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The political philosophy that government should play an expansive role in society (except in the area of personal morality) with the goal of protecting its weaker citizens and ensuring political and social equality for all citizens
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What are OPINIONS or ATTITUDES?
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Preferences on specific issues
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What is PRO-CHOICE?
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Favoring the policy of allowing women to choose whether to have abortions
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What is PRO-LIFE?
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Favoring the policy of making abortions illegal
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What is RIGHT?
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The conservative end of the political spectrum
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What are SOCIAL ISSUES?
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Issues based on moral or value judgements
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What is SOCIALIZATION?
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The process by which people acquire values and opinions from their societies
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What is SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS?
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Social status as measured by one's education, income, and occupation
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What are VALUES?
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basic principles that lead people to form opinions on specific issues
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What is an AUSTRALIAN BALLOT?
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A government-printed ballot (as opposed to one distributed by political parties) that allows people to vote in secret
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What are CANDIDATE CHARACTERISTICS?
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The candidate's character, personality, experiences, past record, and physical appearance
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What is CIVIC VOLUNTARISM MODEL?
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A theory claiming that political activism can be explained by the time, money, and civic skills that people have
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What is CLOSING DATE?
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That last day before the election when one can register to vote- usually described in number of days before Election Day
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What are EASY ISSUES?
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Simple issues that allow voters to make quick, emotional decisions without much information
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What is FRANCHISE?
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The right to vote
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What is GENDER GAP?
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The difference between men's and women's voting rates for wither a Democratic or Republican candidate
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What is GROUP CONSCIOUSNESS?
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Identification with one's social group (for instance, African-American consciousness)
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What are HARD ISSUES?
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Complicated issues that require voters to have information about the policy and to spend time considering their choices
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What are LITERACY TESTS?
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Tests of ability to read and write, used in the South to prevent people from voting
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What is PARTY IDENTIFICATION?
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The psychological feeling of belonging to a particular political party, which influences voting behavior
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What is POLITICAL EFFICACY?
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The feeling that one can have an effect on politics and political decision makers
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What are POLL TAXES?
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Before 1964, the taxes people paid in some states if they choose to vote
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What is PROSPECTIVE ISSUE VOTING?
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Deciding how to vote on the basis of a candidate's likely future policies
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What is RETROSPECTIVE ISSUE VOTING?
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Deciding how to vote on the basis of past policy outcomes
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What are SOCIOTROPIC VOTERS?
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People who vote on the basis of their communities economic interests, rather than their personal economic interests
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What is VOTER TURNOUT?
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The percentage of people who actually vote
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What is ADVOCACY ADVERTISING?
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Newspaper, television, and radio advertisements that promote an interest group's political views
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What is AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF?
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Literally friend of the court; A brief filed with the court by a person or group who is not directly involved in the legal action but who has views on the matter
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What is ASTROTURF LOBBYING?
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Efforts, usually led by interest groups with deep financial pockets, to create synthetic grass-roots movements by aggressively encouraging voters to contact their elected officials about specific issues
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What is BIPARTISAN CAMPAIGN REFORM ACT (BCRA)?
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Also know as McCain-Feingold; A law passed in 2002 that restricts the ability of interest groups to donate funds to national political parties and bars interest groups from running ads promoting or attacking federal candidates close to an election
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What is a CITIZEN GROUP?
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Interest groups, also known as public interest groups dedicated to promoting a vision of good public policy rather than the economic interests of their members
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What is a COLLECTIVE GOOD DILEMMA?
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A dilemma created when people can obtain the benefits of interest group activity without paying any of the costs associated with it. In this situation, the interest group may not form because everyone has an incentive to let someone else pay the costs of group formation
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What is DIRECT LOBBYING?
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Trying to influence public policy through direct contact with government officials
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What are EXPRESSIVE BENEFITS?
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The feelings of satisfaction people derive from working for an interest group cause they believe is just and right. Also known as purposive benefits.
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What is a FREE RIDER?
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People or groups who benefit from the efforts of others without bearing any of the costs
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What is GRASS-ROOTS LOBBYING?
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Trying to influence public policy indirectly by mobilizing an interest group's membership and the broader public to contact elected official
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What is an INTEREST GROUP?
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An organized group of people who share some goals and try to influence public policy
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What is LOBBYING?
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Trying to influence governmental decisions, especially the voting decisions legislators make on proposed legislation
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What are LOBBYISTS?
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People who make their living trying to influence public policy; Lucas critique- An economic theory which contends that if people act rationally, then their reactions to changes in government policy will often negate the intent of those changes
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What are MATERIAL BENEFITS?
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Goods and services with real, monetary value
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What are SELECTIVE BENEFITS?
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Any benefits given to a member of a group but denied to nonmembers
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What is POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (PACs)?
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Organizations that solicit contributions from members of interest groups and channel those contributions to election campaigns
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What are SOLIDARY BENEFITS?
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The emotional and psychological enjoyment that comes from belonging to an interest group whose members share common interests and goals
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