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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a disease causing agent such as a virus, bacteria, fungi, or protist?
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Pathogen
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What does the 1st line of nonspecific defenses not target?
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a specific pathogen
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What are four areas of defense in the bodies first line of defense?
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1. skin
2. mucus membranes 3. cilia 4. hair in nostrils, ears, eyelashes |
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What does the lysozyme enzyme in tears do to aide in the first line of defense?
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digests bacteria cell wall whcih breaks down bacteria
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What is the function of skin oil, sweat, acidic, lysozyme enzyme in the first line of nonspecific defense?
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digests bacteria cell wall
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What are sticky viscous fluid that lines the membrane of the disgestive system, nasal passages, lungs, trachea, and bronchi, and reproductive tract?
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mucus membranes
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What are tiny hair-like structures lining the respiratory tract?
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Cilia
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How do cilia help in the bodies defense against pathogens?
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Cilia sweep mucus toward the esophogus where it can be swallowed.
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What are 5 defenses in the bodies 2nd line of nonspecific defenses?
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1.Inflamatory response
2.Injured cells release 3.Temperature Response 4. Proteins 5.White Blood Cells |
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What do injured cells release?
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Histamine
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How do injured cells fight pathogens?
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Injured cells release Histamine which causes blood vessels to dilate and increases blood flow
-this brings more white blood cells and causes selling and redness -may create pus, containing dead pathogens/white blood cells |
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What is a white liquid at the area of injury containing dead pathogens & white blood cells?
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pus
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How does Temperature Response help in the 2nd line of nonspecific defenses?
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fever creates an environment in whcih bacteria don not grow as favorably
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What is a normal fever temperature?
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37 C and 99 F
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What is a dangerous temperature?
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103 F
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What is a lethal temperature?
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105 F
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About how many different proteins circulate in the blood?
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20
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How do proteins in the blood fight pathogens?
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they attach to a pathogen
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What is a type of protein which is highly effective at killing viruses?
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INTERFERON
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How do some proteins create a "Mac Attack" when attacking pathogens?
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Creates a membrane attack complex which punch holes in the cells of pathogens.
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What is the most abundant type of white blood cells?
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neutrophils
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What kind of White blood cells are the best defense against cancer cells and cells infected with viruses?
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Natural killer cells
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What are large White blood cells (wbc) that attack cells infected with pathogens?
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natural killer cells
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What type of white blood cells ingest and kill pathogens and clear dead cells from body?
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macrophages
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type of white blood cell that travel in blood?
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macrophages
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What is a wbc that engulfs and destroys pathogens?
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neutrophils
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What is the 3rd line of defense?
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Specific Response
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What are types of Specific Responses?
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Antigen Response
White Blood cells produced in the bone marrow |
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What is a pathogen which has proteins on the surface of the cell?
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antigens
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What are the proteins in wbc that "recognize" antigens on the surface of the cell?
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receptor proteins
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Where are White blood cells produced?
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in bone marrow
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Where do white blood cells circulate?
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in the blood and lymphatic fluid
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About how many wbc circulate at any one time?
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about 2 trillion
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Why do doctors often test your wbc?
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WBC Count can determine if you have an infection
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What are five kinds of wbc?
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1. macrophage
2. cytoxic T Cell 3. B cells 4. helper T Cells 5. plasma cells |
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What is the first reaction when a virus or bacteria enters the body?
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macrophages engulf or surround and show the antigen on their surface
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Inflammatory response is what line of defense?
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2nd line of defense
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Temperature response is what line of defense?
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2nd line of defense
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Interferons would be found in what line of defense?
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2nd line of defense
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Some 20 different proteins create a "Mac Attack which is what line of defense?
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2nd line of defense
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Injured Cells release Histamine and white blood cells causing redness and pus may be created, would be what line of defense?
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2nd line of defense
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Mucus membranes in the nasal passages, skin, and cilia sweeping mucus toward the esophagus is in what line of defense?
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1st line of defense
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Neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells would be found in what line of defense?
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2nd line of defense
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An antigen response would be found in what line of defense?
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3rd line of defense
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In the 2nd line of defense injured cells release Histamine which results in what?
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increase blood flow
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What do B cells do?
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They label invaders for later destruction.
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What do Helper T cells do?
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They activate B Cells.
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What do macrophages do?
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They consume infected cells and pathogens.
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What do Natural Killers cells do?
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They are the best line of defense against cancer cells.
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What do Cytotoxic T cells do?
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They kill infected cells
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What is the purpose of antibodies?
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To mark a pathogen for destruction
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What are 3 ways to prevent you from from being exposed to pathogens?
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1. Cooking Food (killing bacteria such as E. Coli)
2. Cleaning utensils and preparation area. 3. Washing hands |
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What happens to some B & T cells after a primary immune response?
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They become "memory cells" and continue to patrol the body.
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What is a communicable disease?
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Spread by air or on a surface
spread by kissing shaking hands, sexual contact a contagious disease |
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What would an IMMUNOLOGIST study?
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How diseases are spread in a community
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What provides permanent immunity against a disease?
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A vaccine
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There is a useful vaccine for all of the following except one. Which one does not have a vaccine that can prevent the disease? Chicken Pox, measles, HIV, Polio
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HIV
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What must happen in order for HIV to enter a cell?
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It must attach to two protein receptor sites.
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What type of antibodies do you produce if you have blood type A?
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B antibodies
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What is the blood type that can be given to anyone?
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Type O
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Who produced the first successful vaccine for polio in the late 1950's?
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Salk
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How are Rabies spread?
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blood and bites
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How is E-Coli spread?
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food
Water cows |
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How is West Nile Virus Spread?
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mosquitoes
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How many strains of HIV are there?
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3
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How many subtypes of HIV are there
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5
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What does it mean when a drug or vaccine says it has a "overall efficacy of ____%"?
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it means that it is able to ro protect from infection that _given % of the time
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Once infected by disease some people are never infected again. Why does this occur?
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After a person is infected, the body makes antibodies. These antibodies will prevent further disease.
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