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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Atrial enlargement: large initial component means?
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Right atrial enlargement.
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Atrial enlargement: large terminal component means?
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Left atrial enlargement.
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Atrial enlargement: size of p-wave indicative of atrial enlargement?
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> 2.5 mm.
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Infarction: what is the pathophysiology of Wellens syndrome?
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Stenosis of left anterior descending coronary artery.
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Wellens syndrome: findings on EKG?
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T-wave inversion in V2-V3.
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Infarction: what is the pathophysiology of Brugada syndrome?
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Dysfunctional cardiac Na+ channels.
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Brugada syndrome: findings on EKG?
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RBBB with ST elevation in V1-V3.
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ST segment depression: can be indicative of an infarction in which layer of the heart?
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Subendocardium (non-Q wave infarction).
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ST segment depression: can occur with what drug toxicity?
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Digitalis (Salvador Dali's mustache on EKG).
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Anterior hemiblock: causes what axis deviation?
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Left axis deviation.
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Anterior hemiblock: findings on EKG?
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Lead I: Q-wave
Lead III: wide/deep S wave (Q1S3) |
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Anterior hemiblock: this location of infarction can also cause left axis deviation (careful when reading).
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Inferior infarction.
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RBBB + left axis deviation + acute anterior MI: most likely diagnosis?
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Anterior hemiblock (left anterior descending supplies RBBB).
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Posterior hemiblock: causes what axis deviation?
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Right axis deviation.
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Posterior hemiblock: what are the findings on EKG?
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Lead I: wide/deep S wave
Lead III: Q-wave (S1Q3) |
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Posterior hemiblock: when associated with RBBB, can progress to what fatal sequelae?
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AV blocks.
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Intermittent Mobitz: pathophysiology of this pattern?
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Two permanently blocked fascicles + one intermittently blocked fascicle (occasionally dropped QRS with regular, punctual p-wave).
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Long QT syndrome: QT criteria on EKG?
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QT interval longer than 1/2 of the cardiac cycle.
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COPD: appearance of the QRS complexes?
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Low amplitude.
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COPD: which axis deviation?
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Right axis deviation.
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COPD: pathophysiology of right axis deviation?
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RV works against resistance --> RVH --> right atrial deviation.
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COPD: what type of rhythm can be seen with this disease?
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Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT).
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COPD: low voltage also seen with what conditions?
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Hypothyroidism and chronic constrictive pericarditis.
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PE: what are the three EKG findings?
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Lead I: large S-wave
Lead III: Large Q-wave Lead III: T-wave inversion (S1Q3T3) Also lead II: ST depression. |
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PE: which axis deviation can be seen?
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Right axis deviation.
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PE: T-wave inversion can be seen in what horizontal leads?
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V1-V4.
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PE: may cause what block?
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RBBB (transient or incomplete).
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Hyperkalemia: what are the EKG findings?
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P-wave: wide and flat
QRS: wide (ventricular depolarization takes longer) T-wave: peaked |
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Hypokalemia: what are the EKG findings?
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T-wave: flat/inverted
U-wave: prominent in extreme cases Think of a tent filling up with K+ in hyper- vs. hypokalemia. |
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Hypokalemia: can initiate which deadly rhythm?
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Torsades de Pointes.
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Hypokalemia: can enhance toxic effects of what drug?
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Digitalis.
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Hypercalcemia: what is the EKG finding?
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Shortened QT interval.
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Hypocalcemia: what is the EKG finding?
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Prolonged QT interval.
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Digitalis: which foci are exceptionally sensitive to digitalis?
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Supraventricular (esp. atrial) foci.
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Digitalis: earliest warning signs for digitalis toxicity on EKG?
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Premature atrial beats (PABs).
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Digitalis: what electrolyte should you worry about before using digitalis?
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Potassium (hypokalemia potentiates toxicity of digitalis).
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Quinidine: findings on EKG?
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P-wave: wide, notched
QRS: widened ST segment: depressed QT: prolonged U-waves: present |
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Quinidine: what fatal rhythm can result from quinidine toxicity?
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Torsades de Pointes.
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Pacemaker location: LBBB + RAD on EKG.
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Below pulmonic valves (lead I is negative).
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Pacemaker location: LBBB + normal axis on EKG.
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Mid-inflow tract of right ventricle (lead I/aVF is positive).
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Pacemaker location: LBBB + LAD on EKG.
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Apex of right ventricle (lead aVF is negative).
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External pacemakers: appearance on EKG?
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Pacemaker spike: wide with flat end (requires impulse of longer duration than intracardiac pacemakers).
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Heart transplant patients: appearance on EKG?
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P-waves: two (patient/donor)
Patient's p-wave not conducted past suture line whereas donor p-wave will have QRS complexes following p-wave. |
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Early repolarization: seen in what population?
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Young male athletes.
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Early repolarization: appearance on EKG?
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ST segment: elevated (1/2 mm) in V5-V6
Rotation: rightward (horizontal plane) |
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Hyperacute T-waves: most likely diagnosis?
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Very acute myocardial infarction.
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