Dsst Principles Of Public Speaking

Front 1

A speaker who wants to include the words of Winston Churchill in a speech should search in which of the following?

Back 1

Bartlett's Familiar Quotations

Bartlett's is the most well known collection of quotations and an excellent source for finding an appropriate quote to include in a speech. The reference book includes over 25,000 quotations from both modern and historical individuals.

Front 2

Which of the following increases when a speaker makes frequent eye contact with an audience?

Back 2

Speaker credibility

Speaker credibility increases when more eye contact is made during a speech. Audiences perceive a speaker who looks at them as a person who is trustworthy and competent.

Front 3

Which of the following is an appropriate way to provide closure in a speech conclusion?

Back 3

Refer to information given in the introduction

One purpose of a conclusion is to provide closure for the audience. Drawing a connection to the introduction helps bring the speech full circle for listeners.

Front 4

A speaker who makes a comparison between two different objects using the words "like" or "as" is integrating which of the following into a speech?

Back 4

Simile

A simile compares two different things with "like" or "as." Speakers create imagery in their presentations by incorporating similes.

Front 5

Which of the following is most important to consider before evaluating an after-dinner speech, commencement address, or a eulogy?

Back 5

Genre and cultural expectations

Speeches given outside of the classroom should be evaluated based on cultural expectations and the genre of the speech. After-dinner speeches, commencement addresses, and eulogies do not follow the same format as classroom speeches, so the cultural expectations for a special occasion speech should be carefully considered when giving criticism.

Front 6

Which of the following patterns of organization would be most appropriate for a speech about the relationship between cell phone usage and car accidents?

Back 6

Causal pattern

A causal pattern of speech organization is used when a speaker wants to tell listeners about a cause-effect relationship between two events, such as cell phone usage causing car accidents. Speeches organized in this manner are typically divided into a section about causes and a section about effects.

Front 7

The desired action that a speaker hopes will occur among audience members is referred to as which of the following?

Back 7

Primary audience outcome

The primary audience outcome is what the audience will do if the speech is successful. For example, the desired primary audience outcome for a sales presentation is listeners purchasing products from the sales team.

Front 8

Which of the following terms refers to language that does not stereotype or patronize people?

Back 8

Inclusive

Inclusive language is the term used to describe language that does not stereotype people based on gender, race, or other factors. Speakers should consider the language they use in order to show respect towards listeners.

Front 9

Dividing an audience into various subgroups is referred to as which of the following?

Back 9

Audience segmentation

Audience segmentation is an approach that divides an audience into different subgroups. For example, an audience composed of members of a community organization might consist of doctors, teachers, and executives; the speaker could address each subgroup's interests.

Front 10

An example that is given in the format of a story is referred to as which of the following?

Back 10

Narration

A narrative is an example used in a speech that is presented in story form. A narrative helps maintain the attention of the audience because most people enjoy listening to interesting stories.

Front 11

Undecided voters who listen to the campaign speeches of political candidates are participating in which type of listening?

Back 11

Critical

Critical listening involves evaluating a message to determine whether to accept the ideas or reject them. People participate in critical listening when they listen to the pitch of a salesperson or listen to the campaign platform of a politician.

Front 12

Although it is unethical, name-calling during a public speech is not illegal and is protected by which of the following Constitutional Amendments?

Back 12

First Amendment

Freedom of speech is guaranteed under the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Although name-calling is unethical, freedom of expression is protected in a democratic society.

Front 13

What is the term used to describe words and phrases, such as "because," "then," and "likewise," that indicate relationships between ideas in a speech?

Back 13

Internal transitions

Internal transitions serve to emphasize relationships between ideas and points within a speech. Examples of internal transitions include "therefore," "in other words," and "as a result."

Front 14

Which of the following methods of selecting a speech topic involves the process of self-discovery and the consideration of personal interests?

Back 14

Monitoring behavior

Monitoring your own behavior is a good way to determine what you like and enjoy. Choosing a topic based on your own interests makes speech writing less difficult.

Front 15

Studying observable characteristics in an audience, such as age, gender, and ethnicity, is known as which of the following?

Back 15

Demographic analysis

Analyzing observable traits such as age, gender, and cultural background is a demographic analysis. A demographic study generally occurs first in the process of audience analysis.

Front 16

Which of the following is most important for a person to consider when evaluating Internet documents in preparation for a speech?

Back 16

Objective and reliable nature of the source

Evaluating Internet information involves determining if the source is objective and reliable. Anyone can post an article on the Internet, but only information that is authentic and reliable should be included in a speech.

Front 17

Which of the following is most important to consider when evaluating a persuasive speech based on the speaker's desired results?

Back 17

Purpose and goal

Criticizing a speech based on the speaker's desired results depends on the speaker's purpose and goal for the speech. For example, if a speaker is trying to raise money for a cause, and audience members make donations, then the speaker's goal has been met.

Front 18

A broad category, such as films, South Africa, nanotechnology, or child psychology, would be considered which of the following?

Back 18

Subject

A broad area of a speaker's expertise is the subject of a speech, such as films. The topic is a specific facet of the subject, such as the impact of technology on the film industry.

Front 19

A student gave a speech that he stole from one magazine article. Which type of plagiarism occurred?

Back 19

Global plagiarism

Global plagiarism occurs when a speaker uses a single source for a speech that is presented as an original work. If the individual copies the information almost word for word from the magazine article, then he has participated in global plagiarism.

Front 20

Which of the following describes the language of a politician who says, "I will reform the government"?

Back 20

Oversimplification

Oversimplification occurs when a complicated issue is described as a simple one. Campaign speeches are typically riddled with examples of oversimplification.

Front 21

Which of the following most often determines what bodily movements are appropriate during a speech?

Back 21

Setting

Setting typically determines what bodily movements are suitable for a speech. Setting refers to room size, distance between speaker and audience, and whether the speaker is using a podium.

Front 22

Which mode of speech delivery is NOT recommended for most public speaking situations because it prevents audience adaptation?

Back 22

Manuscript

Manuscript mode is not recommended for public speakers because it hinders audience adaptation. When speaking from a manuscript, an orator makes no eye contact with the audience and is unable to make necessary adaptations.

Front 23

Complimenting the audience, using personal examples, and using specific names of audience members are ways to develop which of the following during a speech?

Back 23

Immediacy

Immediacy can be created by using personal examples and specific names of listeners. Immediacy refers to how connected and related a speaker is with audience members.

Front 24

Which of the following establishes a memorable message and develops a positive connection between a persuasive speaker and an audience?

Back 24

Narratives

Stories that are used to clarify a point are known as narratives. During a persuasive speech, a narrative can serve as a memorable method of conveying a speaker's ideas or beliefs.

Front 25

Which of the following organizational patterns do scientists often use when they present the procedures and techniques of an experiment?

Back 25

Inquiry

Inquiry order organizes a speech by steps taken. Inquiry order presents all of the facts and possibilities to listeners, which enables audience members to judge the validity of the information.

Front 26

A speaker whose conclusion generates deep emotions by evoking dramatic or sentimental images is using which of the following?

Back 26

Dissolve ending

A dissolve ending concludes a speech by fading step-by-step to an emotional statement. The final words end the speech with deep emotion.

Front 27

Undeveloped examples that are usually presented in a list are referred to as which of the following?

Back 27

Specific instances

Specific instances are not developed because quantity is more important than quality. Extensive detail is not necessary when providing a list of specific instances to support a point in a speech.

Front 28

Sub-points of a speech outline should be written in which of the following ways?

Back 28

Complete sentence

Sub-points in a speech outline should be written as complete sentences. Elaborating on the sub-point will occur through supporting materials, such as examples, statistics, and personal experiences.

Front 29

Which of the following speech organization patterns is the simplest one to use?

Back 29

Topical

The topical pattern is often used when a speech topic can be divided into sub-categories. Topical patterns work well for speeches that describe aspects of people, places, or things.

Front 30

A method of limiting a speech topic that involves repeatedly dividing the topic into smaller parts is referred to as which of the following?

Back 30

Tree diagram

With a tree diagram, a speechwriter begins with a general topic and then divides the topic into parts. Each part is divided again until a narrow topic remains.

Front 31

Which of the following is the best method for achieving an informal style in a speech?

Back 31

Using contractions

The use of contractions is one way to achieve an informal style of speech. Contractions make a speech seem more conversational.

Front 32

Which of the following is a primary advantage of the extemporaneous mode of speech delivery?

Back 32

Versatility

Versatility is the main advantage of extemporaneous speaking. The lack of extensive notes allows a speaker to engage in eye contact; eye contact enables the speaker to analyze audience responses and adapt as necessary.

Front 33

For most public speaking situations, which of the following is recommended?

Back 33

Minimize random movements

Speakers should avoid moving unnecessarily during a speech, although purposeful movements can be effective in certain situations. Random movements may distract audiences from the ideas presented in the speech.

Front 34

Which of the areas of speech criticism is the most difficult to evaluate?

Back 34

Ethics of the speaker

A speaker's ethics and motives are nearly impossible to determine when listening to a speech. A critic cannot know for sure whether a speaker is presenting truthful information and evidence in a speech.

Front 35

All of the following are useful guidelines to consider when selecting a speech topic for a classroom presentation EXCEPT

Back 35

Speak about a topic with which listeners are experts

A speech topic that is familiar to an audience may be boring for listeners. Therefore, the best speech topics are often ones that the speaker understands, the speaker finds interesting, or the audience will view as current and relevant.

Front 36

Which of the following refers to a listener's perception about a speaker's interests and is often influenced by the speaker's reputation?

Back 36

Goodwill

Goodwill is the perception the audience has about a speaker's intentions. Listeners infer from the speaker's actions, words, and reputation whether their best interests are of concern to the speaker.

Front 37

Which of the following is an example of a specific purpose statement for a speech about the U.S. Supreme Court?

Back 37

To teach the audience about the Supreme Court

The statement provides the main goal of the speech. A specific purpose may be broad but should provide the general topic of the speech.

Front 38

A speech that builds toward an exciting conclusion employs which of the following patterns?

Back 38

Climactic

The climactic pattern of organization builds up to an exciting conclusion like an exciting story. Climactic and anticlimactic patterns can be used to organize entire speeches or may be used in addition to other organizational patterns.

Front 39

Which of the following aspects of an audience is most affected by age?

Back 39

Attitude stability

The stability of a person's attitudes is most affected by age. Since young people have not had opinions about different subjects for very long, their attitudes are unstable and more likely to change. Older people have held their attitudes for longer periods, so their opinions will generally remain unchanged.

Front 40

Which of the following patterns of organization divides speeches into five steps and is often used in political speeches and advertisements?

Back 40

Motivated sequence

The motivated sequence was originally developed as a way to organize sales presentations, but it is now used in many kinds of persuasive situations. Unlike other speeches that are divided into introduction, body, and conclusion, the motivated sequence pattern is divided into five steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Front 41

Supporting a claim by indicating similarities with another concept or subject is referred to as which of the following?

Back 41

Argue from analogy

Arguing from analogy occurs when a speaker supports a claim with one comparable example. The example is similar enough to the subject that it serves as strong support.

Front 42

Which of the following terms is used to describe a belief that is easily changed?

Back 42

Variable belief

Variable beliefs are not firmly fixed in a person's mind. Variable beliefs may change because of personal experiences, age, or time.

Front 43

Which of the following is a statement made in the introduction that indicates the main points that will be addressed in the body of a speech?

Back 43

Preview statement

A preview statement provides listeners with a preview of the points that will be made in the speech. The preview statement is usually included at the end of an introduction and provides a smooth transition to the body of the speech.

Front 44

Speech outlines that adhere to the principle of subordination will indicate sub-points with which of the following?

Back 44

Capital letters

Capital letters are used to indicate sub-points if an outline follows the principle of subordination. Main points are indicated with Roman numerals.

Front 45

Bias in speech evaluation often occurs for which of the following reasons?

Back 45

Attempt to gain power

Bias in speech criticism often occurs because the critic wants to wield power over the speaker. The critic controls whether feedback is positive or negative, and in either situation, the critic's power increases.

Front 46

The surge in anxiety that occurs when a speaker first begins a speech is referred to as which of the following?

Back 46

Confrontation reaction

Confrontation reaction is the surge in nervousness that a speaker feels when first beginning an oral presentation. The anxiety level usually drops after the speaker has been talking for one or two minutes.

Front 47

Which of the following delivery modes is most often used for ceremonies, paid lectures, and commencement addresses?

Back 47

Memorized

The memorized mode is typically employed for speeches given at formal occasions. With a memorized speech, a speaker is able to master words and gestures much like an actor with a script.

Front 48

Which of the following would be the most suitable Internet document?

Back 48

An article that lists the author's name, credentials, and references

Information about the author is critical to verifying the reliability of a document. An Internet article should not be cited without determining the author's name and credentials.

Front 49

Which of the following is a method that can be useful in resisting distractions while listening?

Back 49

Mentally review the speaker's message

Mentally reviewing a speaker's message can help a listener maintain focus. Asking mental questions also helps a listener focus on key elements of a speech.

Front 50

Statements such as "state universities should admit all high school graduates" or "John Doe committed armed robbery" would be referred to as which of the following?

Back 50

Claim

The claim is the assertion that is to be proven. In a speech, the claim would be supported by statements of evidence.

Front 51

Which of the following should occur in the fourth stage of Monroe's motivated sequence pattern?

Back 51

Visualize the solution

In the fourth stage of the sequence, a speaker should visualize a solution for the audience. The audience should be able to imagine the benefits of the speaker's proposal.

Front 52

Which of the following modes of speech delivery would be most suitable for a president addressing Congress or a CEO presenting an annual financial report to stockholders?

Back 52

Manuscript

Manuscript mode is appropriate when precision is necessary. Addressing Congress or stockholders requires near perfection because a mistake made when reporting any kind of data could create confusion.

Front 53

A speaker who is viewed as friendly, pleasant, and likeable is said to have which of the following attributes?

Back 53

Sociability

Sociability is the idea that a speaker is perceived as friendly. Sociability is one of the aspects of source credibility.

Front 54

A single sentence that summarizes the major ideas of a speech is referred to as which of the following?

Back 54

Central idea

The central idea of a speech is a statement that summarizes what a speaker intends to say. The central idea, which is also known as the thesis statement, should sum up the main points of the speech

Front 55

Which type of listening distraction occurs when an audience member finds an idea presented in a speech distasteful or disturbing?

Back 55

Semantic

Semantic distractions are words or phrases that emotionally affect a listener. Certain topics, terms, and ideas may be offensive to audience members, who will then tune out the speaker and the message.

Front 56

A speaker who argues for peace throughout the world is most likely using which of the following appeals?

Back 56

Idealism

Idealism argues for high human expectations. For example, former President Jimmy Carter exhibits idealism through Habitat for Humanity.

Front 57

What is the benefit of using demographic information when preparing a speech?

Back 57

Adapt the message to the listeners

Demographic information helps a speaker create an effective message for the audience. Knowing about the audience enables a speaker to choose key ideas that will appeal to listeners.

Front 58

Which of the following patterns of organization would be appropriate for a persuasive speech?

Back 58

Problem-solution

A problem-solution structure fits the goal of a persuasive speech. In this type of pattern, a problem is illustrated and a solution is recommended.

Front 59

A speaker who studies the clothing worn by audience members to detect visual clues about their economic and political views is analyzing the audience through which of the following methods?

Back 59

Observation

The speaker is observing physical aspects of the audience to learn more about them. The type of clothing or jewelry they wear may suggest their economic status, activities, attitudes, and culture.

Front 60

Which of the following methods will most likely improve a person's ability to evaluate a speech in a classroom setting?

Back 60

Practicing speech criticism in small groups

Analyzing speeches within a small group setting is one method of improving the quality of speech evaluations. A small group of people working together to evaluate speeches can lead to useful insight and constructive criticism.

Front 61

Mumbling words, slurring sounds, and leaving off word endings are problems associated with which of the following?

Back 61

Articulation

Errors in articulation include chopping, slurring, and mumbling words. Sometimes articulation problems are a result of physical issues, but many times, they are the result of carelessness when speaking.

Front 62

Which of the following methods of concluding a speech would most likely encourage a listener to seek further information about the topic?

Back 62

Asking a question

Asking a question places the next step in the hands of listeners. A question at the end of a speech may motivate the audience to seek more information or to take action.

Front 63

Hypothetical examples are useful for which of the following purposes in a speech?

Back 63

Clarification

Hypothetical examples clarify information presented in a speech. Since hypothetical examples can be tailored to suit the purpose and subject of a speech, they can increase understanding for audience members.

Front 64

When reasoning from specific instances, which of the following should be included to strengthen an argument?

Back 64

Statistics

The conclusion of an argument based on specific instances can be refuted because exceptions to the argument exist. However, statistics or testimonies will show that the specific instances are representative.

Front 65

Which of the following terms refers to the way a speaker's nervousness gradually declines as a speech progresses?

Back 65

Adaptation reaction

Adaptation reaction occurs when a speaker's anxiety begins declining. Most speakers start feeling less nervous a few minutes into their speech.

Front 66

In a democratic society, which of the following is considered the ethical obligation of those who listen to public speeches?

Back 66

Allow ideas to be presented

In a democratic society, the First Amendment protects public speaking. It is the duty of an audience to listen to the ideas of others, or freedom of expression will be diminished for everyone.

Front 67

The denotative meaning of a word refers most closely to which of the following?

Back 67

Dictionary definition

The denotative meaning of a word is its dictionary definition. Denotative meaning refers to a word's precise and literal meaning.

Front 68

A specific purpose statement should be phrased as which of the following?

Back 68

An infinitive phrase

A specific purpose statement should be written as a full infinitive phrase rather than as a declarative sentence or a question. The following is an example: "To persuade my audience that the federal government should discontinue Social Security."

Front 69

According to Aristotle, what five elements are the basis of speech preparation and criticism?

Back 69

Invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery

Invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery are the five stages of speech preparation. Although Aristotle devised the five-stage process, it remains the basis of rhetoric today.

Front 70

Reasoning from a generally accepted truth to a specific example is referred to as which of the following?

Back 70

Argument by deduction

An argument by deduction takes place when a conclusion is deduced from a major and a minor premise. If the two premises are true then the conclusion is also true.

Front 71

Transitions and signposts are examples of which of the following?

Back 71

Connectives

Transitions and signposts are types of connectives. Connectives are used in speeches to show the relationship between ideas.

Front 72

Which of the following increases the likelihood that a speech will appeal to the majority of audience members?

Back 72

Audience homogeneity

If audience members are very similar in terms of demographics and attitudes, then it is easier for a speaker to present a speech that will appeal to the majority. If an audience is extremely diverse, then finding an appealing topic becomes more difficult.

Front 73

Which of the following is the method of selecting a speech topic that involves beginning with a broad subject and then drawing connections between associated topics using circles and lines?

Back 73

Clustering

Clustering is a method of linking ideas through free association to develop a speech topic. The main subject is written on the center of a piece of paper and then related subjects are written down on the paper as they come to mind.

Front 74

What is the primary difference between research material found on the Web and research material found in a publication?

Back 74

Published works are reviewed for reliability by editors and experts.

Before publication, editors review a book for reliability. Although some Web-based material derives from published works, much of the information found on the Internet is unmonitored.

Front 75

Which of the following ethical concepts is based on the idea that no natural laws exist that must be followed absolutely?

Back 75

Situation ethics

Situation ethics is based on the belief that each individual situation must be assessed before a determination can be made about the right action to take. According to situation ethics, some moral principles can be ignored in certain situations if a decision is based on love.

Front 76

Which of the following terms describes the term used when love, hate, or prejudice are employed to encourage an audience response?

Back 76

Emotional appeal

Emotional appeals attempt to persuade audiences through emotions, such as love, hate, and racism. An ethical speaker attempts to persuade an audience with knowledge rather than emotions.

Front 77

The mental process of drawing conclusions from factual information is referred to as which of the following?

Back 77

Reasoning

When a speaker is reasoning with listeners, he or she is providing arguments for listeners to consider. The speaker is drawing inferences for the audience.

Front 78

Which of the following would be suitable for a speaker who needs to show impartiality about a controversial topic?

Back 78

Words with denotative meanings

Words with denotative meanings would be appropriate for a speaker who needs to focus on literal meanings. Connotative words might lead to intense reactions from listeners.

Front 79

Which of the following is the LEAST important element to consider when criticizing a speech?

Back 79

Personal appearance

Although personal appearance is a factor in speech delivery, it is the least important element. When providing speech criticism, an evaluator should give more ideas for improving delivery and organization and less for improving the speaker's clothing.

Front 80

A speech divided into three methods for treating chronic heart disease would be best organized according to which of the following patterns?

Back 80

Topical

A speech about three methods for treating heart disease should be organized in a topical sequence. Each main point in the body would address one type of medical treatment.

Front 81

When motivational speaker Richard Simmons shares his personal experiences about being obese and then changing his life with exercise, he is using which of the following?

Back 81

Exemplary narrative

Exemplary narratives are examples that are worthy of admiration. Stories about saints or stories about people who made significant improvements in their lives are exemplary narratives.

Front 82

A politician who makes a campaign promise to provide police protection in schools and on the streets is using which of the following?

Back 82

Emotional appeal

The politician is making an emotional appeal. People have a basic desire for safety, and politicians who address such needs in campaign speeches are making emotional appeals.

Front 83

Using performance visualization to reduce speech apprehension involves which of the following?

Back 83

Maintaining a positive self-perception

The visualization method of overcoming speech apprehension involves developing a positive self-perception. Speakers imagine themselves giving effective speeches, which helps reduce nervousness.

Front 84

Which of the following aspects related to speech delivery most affects whether a statement sounds sincere or sarcastic?

Back 84

Pitch

A speaker's pitch can alter the meaning of a word or phrase. The highness or lowness of a speaker's voice determines whether words seem happy, sad, sincere, or sarcastic.