Dsst Law Enforcement

Front 1

Line staff/Field Services

Back 1

refers to the police dept employees
working in the field or “on the line” in a typical work day.

Patrol, Traffic Enforcement, Community Services, Investigations

Front 2

Administrative staff

Back 2

everyone else employed by the department. These are all of the people behind the scenes vital in the running of police dept.

Training, Lab, Research & Planning, Communications, Records, Internal Affairs

Front 3

Four different kinds of stressors in police work?

Back 3

1. Personal stress
2. External stress
3. Organization stress
4. Operational Stress

Front 4

Personal stressors

Back 4

may come from relationships with other officers

Front 5

External stressors

Back 5

Unique to the field, caused by potential for violence, danger, tragedy both short-term and long-term impact

Front 6

Organizational stress

Back 6

Completing paperwork, scheduling training, writing reports, and adhering to scheduling - push of organizational and time management skills.

Front 7

Operational stress

Back 7

Constant level present due to combating crime on daily basis, functioning revolves around stream of negativity.

Front 8

Corruption

Back 8

defined - deviance from an accepted ethical standard

characterized - "slippery slope"

Front 9

occupational deviance

Back 9

acts that are motivated by personal benefit - accepting a cup of coffee from cafe down the street

Front 10

abuse of authority

Back 10

actions that happen in furthering the goals of law enforcement - taking money to overlook that cafe down the street is selling drugs

Front 11

Factors increasing the likelihood of corruption:

Back 11

- Exposure to money
- Lure of money
- Street smarts

Front 12

U.S. Dept. of Justice methods to combat corruption in law enforcement?

Back 12

- managerial solutions
- changing the task environment
- changing the political environment

Front 13

managerial solutions

Back 13

those admin can perform w/"hands on" strategies:
- staff turnover
- accoountability
- close supervision of supervisors
- ending corrupt practices

Front 14

staff turnover

Back 14

Not just firing old & bringing in new, rotating existing staff, keep officers fresh

Front 15

ending corrupt practices

Back 15

do away with legal policies that encourage unethical behaviors such as arrest quotas and reimbursement for personal on-the-job expenses

Front 16

Factors increasing the likelihood of corruption:

Back 16

- Exposure to money
- Lure of money
- Street smarts

Front 17

U.S. Dept. of Justice methods to combat corruption in law enforcement?

Back 17

- managerial solutions
- changing the task environment
- changing the political environment

Front 18

managerial solutions

Back 18

those admin can perform w/"hands on" strategies:
- staff turnover
- accoountability
- close supervision of supervisors
- ending corrupt practices

Front 19

staff turnover

Back 19

Not just firing old & bringing in new, rotating existing staff, keep officers fresh

Front 20

ending corrupt practices

Back 20

do away with legal policies that encourage unethical behaviors such as arrest quotas and reimbursement for personal on-the-job expenses

Front 21

Discretion

Back 21

the power of choice exercised by law enforcement in carrying out their duties

Front 22

What determines an officer's use of discretion?

Back 22

1. Departmental Policy and Administration
2. Officer's background
3. Suspect characteristics
4. Public interest
5. Approval of the law
6. Victims

Front 23

legalistic style of policing

Back 23

-by the book
-no warnings, no leeway
-no involvement unless law violation
-does not fulfill peacekeeping role, just law enforcement

Front 24

Watchman style of policing

Back 24

-utilize discretion, sometimes to extreme
-high priority on maintaining order
-willing to use threats, coercion, and force
-more common in low income/high crime areas

Front 25

Service style of policing

Back 25

-in tune with community they serve
-see themselves as partners and avail to provide assistance as well as law
-willing to work with social service orgs and prosecutors also
-found in upper class areas

Front 26

community policing
(defined)

Back 26

Defined as a cooperative effort between the community and the policy to identify criminal problems within the community and search for solutions in order to enhance the quality of life

Front 27

Four main purposes of the Public Safety Partnership and Community Policing Act of 1994?

Back 27

1. Inc. number of officers communicating w/community
2. Additional training to officers on community policing
3. Programs to allow members of the community to act w/police in crime prevention
4. Encourage use of new tech fo proactive policing

Front 28

What are the rights guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment?

Back 28

• To be free from unreasonable searches and seizures
• To be free from arrest without probable cause

Front 29

What are the rights guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment?

Back 29

• Protection against self-incrimination
• Protection from double-jeopardy
• Right to Due Process of law (also in 16th amendment)

Front 30

What are the rights guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment?

Back 30

• Right to a speedy trial
• Right to know the charges against you
• Right to cross-examine witnesses
• Right to an attorney
• Right to compel witnesses on your behalf

Front 31

What are the rights guaranteed by the Eight Amendment?

Back 31

• Protection against excessive fines
• Right to reasonable bail
• Protection against cruel and unusual punishment

Front 32

due process

Back 32

- we have a right to certain protections under law

- basis found in 5th, 6th, and 14th Amendments

Front 33

procedural due process

Back 33

refers to enforcement of the laws and punishments for violations

procedures the criminal justice system can and cannot go through when trying to remove a person's rights

Front 34

substantive due process

Back 34

refers to the creation and definition of what a person's rights are

rights people are entitled to that may or may not be written out but are universally accepted.

Front 35

"stare decisis"

Back 35

"to let the decision stand" AKA precedence

Front 36

precedence

Back 36

case law - the principle that ensures that prior court decisions are considered and incorporated into future similar cases

Front 37

True or False:
When the Supreme Court rules on a case it sets precedence for the entire country.

Back 37

True.
The Supreme Court establishes the law of the land with their rulings. If a judge rules contrary to one of their decisions, his case can and will be overturned on appeal.

Front 38

What was the significance of
Weeks v. U.S.?

Back 38

-Formed the basis of the exclusionary rule which states that incriminating evidence must be seized in accordance with the constitutional elements of due process.
- It also states that if
evidence is not seized in accordance with the protections afforded by the Constitution,
it will not be considered admissible in court.

Front 39

What was the significance of
Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. U.S.?

Back 39

- fruit of the poisoned tree doctrine
- the Court ruled that just like illegally seized evidence is not admissible in court, neither is evidence derived from illegally seized evidence.

Front 40

What was the significance of
Mapp v. Ohio?

Back 40

Prior to 1961, the exclusionary rule only applied to federal law enforcement, as did the fruit of the poisoned tree doctrine.

It was through the case of Mapp v. Ohio that it became applicable to all law enforcement throughout the country.

Front 41

What was the significance of
Chimel v. California?

Back 41

defining the scope of legal searches when no search warrant was present

areas that can be searched while performing an arrest are limited without the presence of a search warrant - (see "search incident to arrest")

Front 42

What was the significance of
U.S. v. Leon?

Back 42

the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule

under Burger, Court started making exceptions to the evidentiary rules laid out previously

Front 43

What was the significance of
Maryland v. Garrison?

Back 43

ruled that evidence was admissible even if the information on the warrant was incorrect

Front 44

What was the significance of
Illinois v. Rodriguez?

Back 44

ruled that if the police had a reasonable belief that a person had the right to consent to a search, they could legally search

Front 45

What was the significance of
Harris v. U.S.?

Back 45

first addressed in plain view doctrine, which states that anything that falls into the “plain view” of an officer who is legally entitled to be in that position to have said view, is subject to seizure and can be introduced as evidence.

Front 46

What was the significance of
U.S. v. Irizarry?

Back 46

it was decided at the Circuit Court level that officers can’t move objects out of the way to bring evidence into plain view

Front 47

What was the significance of
Arizona v. Hicks?

Back 47

also reiterated the plain view doctrine when the U.S. Supreme Court didn’t allow evidence that had been uncovered by moving a stereo

Front 48

What was the significance of
Preston v. U.S.?

Back 48

car was impounded, police searched it for contraband, discovered two guns, charged him for the weapons.
Conviction appealed to the Supreme Court, who found that because the vehicle was secure and in
police custody, they had no reason to search it for contraband. Had the police really wanted to search the vehicle they could have obtained a warrant.

Front 49

What was the significance of
South Dakota v. Opperman?

Back 49

police could search a vehicle for the purposes of inventorying property while it was impounded. If they discovered illegal substances under these circumstances, their seizure would hold up in court. This was even true when referring to items found inside containers within the vehicle, as long as it was when processing inventory that the vehicle was searched.

Front 50

What was the significance of
Colorado v. Bertine?

Back 50

affirmed South Dakota v. Opperman

Front 51

What was the significance of
Florida v. Wells?

Back 51

Supreme Court agreed with a lower court that suppressed evidence found in a locked suitcase in the trunk of a vehicle being inventoried.
Police could not tamper with locking devices solely for the inventory of property when there was no search warrant specific to finding illegal items or substances.

Front 52

What was the significance of
Florida v. Jiminez?

Back 52

it was determined that if a person grants permission to officers for the searching of his vehicle, the consent is implied to mean all reasonable areas of the vehicle.

Front 53

What was the significance of
United States v. Ross?

Back 53

affirmed current standard - when probable cause exists to justify the search of a vehicle, then it
justifies the search of the entire vehicle

Front 54

Can the trunk of a vehicle be searched when arresting a suspect in a vehicle?

Back 54

No, search incident to arrest limits the area of search to those immediately available to the arrestee.
So with no additional probable cause or search warrant, the trunk is off limits.

Front 55

What are the three emergency exceptions to the Fourth Amendment's requirement of a warrant?

Back 55

1. public safety;
2. the potential escape of a dangerous suspect; or
3. the loss or destruction of evidence.

Front 56

What are two cases that upheld the emergency exceptions to the Fourth Amendment's requirement for a warrant?

Back 56

Warden v. Hayden - a home was searched following a report of an armed robber in the building.

Maryland v. Buie - allowed for the searching of premises where a dangerous person may be hiding.

Front 57

Search incident to arrest

Back 57

The Supreme Court ruled that the areas that can be searched while performing an arrest are limited without the presence of a search warrant.

Officers can search the person being arrested and those areas within reach of the defendant to protect themselves, prevent escape, and prevent the destruction of evidence.

Front 58

What is the significance of
Robinson v. U.S.?

Back 58

search incident to arrest upheld when a police officer making an arrest for driving without a license, searched the vehicle to ensure he was in no danger (looking for weapons) and found heroin. Because the officer’s safety was being protected through his search, the evidence (heroin) was admissible in court.

Front 59

What is the significance of
Terry v. Ohio?

Back 59

guaranteed an officer’s right to “stop
and frisk” individuals when they are ensuring their safety.
Terry case did not require probable cause, stated officers have a right to protect themselves and frisk someone. Because officers conducting a stop and frisk are doing so to protect themselves, not just any evidence can be seized through this type of search.

Front 60

What is the significance of
Minnesota v. Dickerson?

Back 60

affirmed that if an officer is doing a pat down and discovers something in the pocket of the individual
but knows it is not a weapon, they cannot arrest the person for what they have, whether it be cocaine or counterfeit money.

Front 61

What is the significance of
Brown v. Texas?

Back 61

it was determined that a person cannot be punished or detained for refusal
to show identification

Front 62

What is the significance of
Smith v. Ohio?

Back 62

a citizen has a right to protect their property from unsubstantiated police search

a person walking down the street with his possessions in a paper sack had as great an expectation of privacy as one who was walking with illegal documents in his leather
briefcase.

Front 63

What is the significance of
California v. Hodari?

Back 63

held that suspects fleeing from the police who throw evidence as they retreat, may be charged based on the abandoned evidence.

Front 64

What is the significance of
Arkansas v. Sanders?

Back 64

emergency searches of people were constitutional when the cost of obtaining a warrant would cause a danger to the police or a possible loss of evidence.

Front 65

What is the significance of
Borchadt v. U.S. ?

Back 65

affirmed that the emergency situation of the defendant’s health outweighed his objections to the search.

Front 66

What are emergency situations that warrant the search of persons?

Back 66

to save lives, prevent the fleeing of dangerous suspects, or destruction of evidence

Front 67

What is the significance of
Brown v. Mississippi?

Back 67

the first major case surrounding interrogations

case was finally overturned on the grounds that physical abuse leading to a confession taints the confession

Front 68

What is the significance of
Ashcraft v. Tennessee?

Back 68

established that “inherent coercion” could also bring about a false confession and therefore was not allowed

conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court for violating the
5th Amendment protection against self incrimination

Front 69

What is the significance of
Escobedo v. Illinois?

Back 69

the right to have an attorney present at interrogation

Front 70

What is the significance of
Edwards v. Arizona?

Back 70

upheld that if an interrogation is being conducted and the suspect requests an attorney, all interrogations must immediately stop and the suspect’s request be honored.

Front 71

What is the significance of
Minnick v. Mississippi?

Back 71

further stated that interrogations cannot resume after the suspect has spoken with the attorney and the attorney has departed

Front 72

What is the significance of
Miranda v. Arizona?

Back 72

defendent must be informed of their rights before questioning

Front 73

What is the significance of
Nix v. Williams?

Back 73

-inevitable discovery exception
-suspect Mirandized initially but not again prior to questioning which led to confession and victim's body
-conviction overturned and confession ruled inadmissible but second trial and conviction won on basis of discovery of body, that it was an "inevitable discovery"

Front 74

What is the significance of
New York v. Quarles?

Back 74

- public safety exception
- issues of public safety overrode the need for Miranda rights

Front 75

What is the significance of
Colorado v. Connelly?

Back 75

- case of mentally ill person's confession, later on appeal claimed of voices telling him to confess

- conviction was upheld “self coercion” did not negate the reading of the rights nor did it constitute coercion on the part of the officers

Front 76

Law enforcement, as it is practiced in the United States, has its origins primarily in

(A) France
(B) Spain
(C) Germany
(D) England

Back 76

(D) England

Front 77

The majority of law enforcement agencies in the United States are concentrated at what level of
government?

(A) Federal
(B) State
(C) County
(D) Local

Back 77

D) Local

Front 78

The rights of free speech and assembly can be found in which of the following amendments?

(A) First
(B) Fourth
(C) Fifth
(D) Sixth

Back 78

(A) First

Front 79

Statistics for the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) are collected, tabulated, and distributed
nationally by

(A) the Bureau of Standards
(B) the International Association of Chiefs of
Police
(C) Interpol
(D) the FBI

Back 79

(D) the FBI

Front 80

Which of the following is the "victimless" crime for which persons are most often arrested?

(A) Embezzlement
(B) Intoxication
(C) Adultery
(D) Sale of pornographic materials

Back 80

(B) Intoxication

Front 81

Which of the following is best defined as the implementation of scientific principles in the evaluation of evidential items that are in one
way or another involved in criminal and other police investigations?

(A) Criminology
(B) Criminalistics
(C) Penology
(D) Modus operandi

Back 81

(B) Criminalistics

Front 82

One of the first duties of a patrol officer arriving at a major crime scene is to

(A) take statements from witnesses
(B) notify the victim's next of kin
(C) draw a detailed diagram of the crime scene
(D) preserve the crime scene

Back 82

(D) preserve the crime scene