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224 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
hypothalamus |
the way the nervous system exerts control over the endocrine system - through the influence of the hypothalamus on the pituitary gland |
|
how does the central nervous system send messages |
-rapid electric over network of nerve fibers |
|
how does the endocrine system send messages |
-slower, through the blood stream to target structures |
|
what is the nervous system |
-the body's primary communication and control center -allows an animal to respond and adapt to its environment and to maintain a constant internal environment |
|
functions of the nervous system |
-sensory -integrative -motor |
|
central nervous system consists of |
brain and spinal cord |
|
peripheral nervous system is |
nerve processes that connect the central nervous system to glands, muscles, and receptors int he body (cranial and spinal nerves) |
|
afferent division of the PNS |
carry information from the receptors in the periphery of the body to the CNS |
|
efferent division of the PNS |
nerve cells that carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands |
|
main divisions of the peripheral nervous system |
-autonomic (sympathetic, parasympathetic) -somatic |
|
main divisions of the autonomic nervous system |
-sympathetic (adrenergic): fight or flight -parasympathetic (cholinergic): energey conserving |
|
autonomic nervous system does/is |
-unconscious, involuntary -carry information from the CNS to cardiac muscles, glands, smooth muscle |
|
the somatic nervous system does/is |
-conscious, voluntary -efferent nerves carry impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle tissue |
|
sympathetic nervous system aka |
adrenergic |
|
parasympathetic nervous system aka |
cholinergic |
|
sympathetic nervous system is responsible for (in general) |
-fight or flight -increase heart rate, increase respiration, decrease GI activity, dilation of pupils, constriction of blood vessels in smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle, dilation of bronchioles, increase in blood glucose level |
|
parasympathetic is responsible for (in general) |
-energy conserving -decrease heart and respiratory rate, increase GI activity, constricts pupils, constricts bronchioles, increases secretions |
|
the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is |
acetylcholine |
|
the main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is |
-the catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) -dopamine |
|
neurons (nerve cell) |
fundamental unit of all branches and divisions of the nervous system |
|
axons |
carry electric-like messages away from the nerve cell |
|
dendrites |
carry electric-like messages toward the nerve cell |
|
cerebrum |
learning, memory, interpretation of sensory input |
|
thalamus |
relay center for sensory impulses from the spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum to the cerebrum, pain perception |
|
hypothalamus |
-mediator between the nervous system and the endocrine system through its control of the pituitary gland -controls and regulates the ANS |
|
medulla |
-carries both sensory and motor impulses between the spinal cord and brain -breathing, heart beat, blood pressure, vomiting, swallowing, coughing, temperature, hunger, thirst, etc. |
|
reticular system |
functions to around the cerebral cortex and is responsible for consciousness, sleep, and wakefulness |
|
what do ANS fibers innervate? |
-smooth muscle -heart muscle -salivary glands -other viscera |
|
which parts of the body only have sympathetic fibers |
-adrenal medulla -sweat glands -hair follicles |
|
which adrenergic receptors are found in the sympathetic nervous system? |
-alpha 1 -alpha 2 -beta 1 -beta 2 -dopaminergic |
|
what are the primary neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system? |
(catecholamines) -norepinephrine -epinephrine (alpha and beta) -dopamine |
|
what are the cholinergic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system? |
-nicotinic receptors -muscarinic receptors |
|
primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system |
acetylecholine |
|
what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the pupils |
constricts the pupils |
|
what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the pupils |
dilates pupils |
|
what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the salivation |
stimulates flow of salivation |
|
what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart |
slows heartbeat |
|
what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the lungs |
constricts bronchi |
|
what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the stomach and intestines |
stimulates peristalsis and secretion |
|
what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the liver |
stimulates release of bile |
|
what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the bladder |
contracts bladder |
|
what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on salivation |
inhibits flow of saliva |
|
what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart |
accelerates heartbeat |
|
what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the lungs |
dilates bronchi |
|
what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the stomach and intestines |
inhibits and peristalsis and secretion |
|
what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the liver |
conversion of glycogen to glucose |
|
what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the the adrenal glands |
secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline |
|
what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the bladder |
inhibits bladder contraction |
|
how do drugs affect the autonomic nervous system |
-mimic neurotransmitters -interfere with neurotransmitter release -block the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors -interfere with the breakdown or reuptake of neurotransmitters at the synpase |
|
cholinergic agents aka |
parasympathomimetic |
|
how do cholinergic agents work |
by stimulating the receptor sites mediated by acetylecholine by mimicking (direct) or delaying breakdown of acetylecholine (indirect) |
|
what are cholinergic agents used for |
-stimulating GI motility -reduce IOP -treat urinary retention -antidote for neuromuscular blockers -control vomiting -diagnose myasthenia gravis |
|
side effects of cholinergic agents |
-bradycardia -hypotension -heart block -lacrimation -diarrhea & vomiting -increased intestinal activity -intestinal rupture -increased bronchiole secretions |
|
classes of drugs which act on the parasympathetic nervous system ### |
-cholinergic agents -anti cholinergics |
|
example direct cholinergic agents |
-bethanechol (urecholine)* -pilocarpine* -metoclopramide (reglan)* -carbamylcholine |
|
bethanechol aka |
urecholine |
|
urecholine aka |
bethanechol |
|
bethanechol (urecholine) |
-direct cholinergic agent -treat GI and urinary tract atony |
|
pilocarpine |
-direct cholinergic agent -reduces IOP in glaucoma |
|
metaclopramide aka |
reglan |
|
reglan aka |
metoclopramide |
|
metaclopramide (reglan) |
-direct cholinergic agent -controls vomiting and promote gastric emptying -sensitizes receptors in GI tract to effect of acetylcholine |
|
example indirect cholinergic agents |
-edrophonium )tensilon) -neostigmine/physotigmine -organophosphates (insecticide dips) -demecarium (humorsol) -pyridostigmine (mestinon) |
|
how do anticholinergics work |
-blocking the action of ACh at muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system -cholinergic blocking agents (belladonna alkaloids) |
|
uses of anticholinergics |
-preanesthetic to dry secretions and prevent bradycardia* -dilate pupil for ophthalmic exam* -relieve ciliary spasm of the eye* -treat sinus bradycardia* -treatment of diarrhea and vomiting (slow GI motility) |
|
side effects of anticholinergics |
-side effects are dose related* -tachycardia -photophobia -disorientation -drowsiness -constipation -anxiety -burning at the injection site |
|
example anticholinergics |
-atropine* -glycopyrrolate* -methscopolamine -aminopentamide (centrine) -propantheline -pralidoxime |
|
atropine |
-anticholinergic -parenteral and ophthalmic administration |
|
glycopyrrolate |
-anticholinergic -quaternary ammonium compound -similar but longer action than atropine -preanesthetic |
|
what are anticholinergics derived from |
belladonna alkaloids |
|
anticholinergics aka |
cholinergic blocking agents |
|
which part of the nervous system do anticholinergics act upon? |
-parasympathetic nervous system -specifically blocking the muscarinic receptors |
|
which part of the nervous system do cholinergic agents act upon |
-parasympathetic nervous system -specifically mimicking ACh (direct) or delaying breakdown of ACh (indirect) |
|
adrenergic agents aka |
sympathomimetic agents |
|
uses for adrenergic agents |
-stimulate heart beat in cardiac arrest -reverse hypotension and bronchoconstriction in anaphylactic shock -strength heart during CHF -correct hypotension through vasoconstriction -reduce capillary bleeding through vasoconstriction -urinary incontinence -reduce mucous membrane congestion in allergic conditions -prolong effects of local anesthetic agents -glaucoma |
|
side effects of adrenergic agents |
-tachycardia -hypertension -nervousness -cardiacarrhythmias -pulmonary edemia |
|
example adrenergic agents |
-epinephrine/norepinephrine* -phenylpropanolamine (proin, PPA)* -terbutaline (brethine)* -albuterol (proventil)* -isoproterenol -dopamine -dobutamine -phenylephrine |
|
phenylpronanolamine aka |
-proin -PPA |
|
proin aka |
phenylpropanolamine |
|
PPA aka |
phenylpropanolamine |
|
terbutaline aka |
brethine |
|
brethine aka |
terbutaline |
|
albuterol aka |
proventil |
|
proventil aka |
albuterol |
|
phenylpropanolamine (proin, PAA) |
-adrenergic agent -alpha receptors -urinary incontinence in dogs |
|
terbutaline (brethine) |
-adrenergic agent -beta agonist -used for bronchodilation |
|
albuterol (proventil) |
-adrenergic agent -beta agonist -used for bronchodilation |
|
how do adrenergic blocking agents work |
-used to disrupt the activity of the sympathetic nervous system -drugs only block one category of receptor (alpha or beta) |
|
side effects of alpha blocking adrenergic blocking agents |
-hypotension -tachycardia -muscle tremors -seizures |
|
examples of alpha blocking adrenergic blocking agents |
-acepromazine* -prazosin (minipress)* -yohimbine* -atipamezole (antisedan)* -pherroxybenzamine |
|
acepromazine |
-adrenergic blocking agents -alpha blocker -tranquilizer -vasodilator |
|
prazosin aka |
minipress |
|
minipress aka |
prazosin |
|
prazosin (minipress) |
-adrenergic blocking agent -alpha blocker -vasodilator -hypotensive agent |
|
yohimbine |
-adrenergic blocking agent -alpha blocker -antidote for xylazine |
|
atipamezole aka |
antisedan |
|
antisedan aka |
atipamezole |
|
atipamezole (antisedan) |
-adrenergic blocking agent -alpha blocker -reversal for dexmedetomidine |
|
uses for beta blocking adrenergic blocking agents |
-arrhythmias/HCM -glaucoma |
|
side effects of beta blocking adrenergic blocking agents |
-bradycardia -hypotension -worsening heart failure -bronchoconstriction -heart block -syncope |
|
example beta blocking adrenergic blocking agents |
-atenolol, propanolol, sotalol -timolol (carteolol, levocunolol, metipranolol) |
|
timolol |
-adrenergic blocking agent -beta blocker -used for glaucoma |
|
uses of central nervous system depressants |
-tranquilize -sedate for restraint for anesthetic procedures -control pain -induce anesthesia -prevent or control seizures |
|
example tranquilizers |
-phenothiazine derivatives -benzodiazepine derivatives -xylazine hydrochloride -dexmedetomidine hydrochloride |
|
how phenothiazine derivatives work |
-tranquilizer -mechanism not well understood -may block dopamine receptors -effect cardiovascular system as a result of alpha-adrenergic blockade -depress CRTZ producing antiemetic effects -relatively safe |
|
uses for phenothiazine derivatives |
-sedation/tranquilizaiton -allay fear and anxiety -NOT an analgesic -mild vomiting (motion sickness) -mild pruritis |
|
side effects of phenothiazine derivatives |
-hypotension -hypothermia -seizures in epileptics |
|
examples of phenothiazine derivatives |
-aceprommazine maleate* -chlorpromazine hydrochloride (thorazine) -promazine HCL (sparine) -prochlorperazine (compazine) |
|
how do benzodiazepine derivatives work |
-tranquilizers -depression of the thalamic and hypothalamic areas of the brain -minimal CNS depression |
|
uses of benzodiazepine derivatives |
-sedation -relief of anxiety and behavioral disorders -muscle relaxation -appetite stimulation (in cats) -anticonvulsant -injectable anesthetic |
|
diazepam aka |
valium |
|
valium aka |
diazepam |
|
midazolam aka |
versed |
|
versed aka |
midazolam |
|
alprazolam aka |
xanax |
|
xanax aka |
alprazolam |
|
lorazepam aka |
ativan |
|
ativan aka |
lorazepam |
|
what is the antagonist of xylazine |
yohimbine |
|
what does yohimbine antagonize |
xylazine |
|
what are the side effects of xylazine hydrochloride |
-vomiting (dogs and cats) -bradycardia -hypotension -respiratory depression -increased sensitivity to epinephrine |
|
uses of xylazine hydrochloride |
-sedative -analgesic* -muscle relaxant -short acting anesthesia when mixed with other injectable agents -colic in horses -sedation for minor procedures -extra label use for cesareans in cattle |
|
xylazine hydrochloride administration, concentration, and action |
-alpha-2 agonist -used with atropine in dogs -cattle are esp. sensitive: use 1/10th equine dose -used in dogs, cats, horses, deer, elk -antagonized by yohimbine -2 concentrations available |
|
what is the dosing of xylazine hydrochloride in cattle |
1/10 the equine dose |
|
dexmedetomidine hydrochloride aka |
dexdomitor |
|
dexdomitor aka |
dexmedetomidine hydrochloride |
|
dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (dexdomitor) action |
-tranquilizer -alpha 2 adrenergic agonist |
|
uses for dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (dexdomitor) |
-sedative -pre-anesthetic -analgesia in dogs and cats |
|
side effects of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (dexdomitor) |
-bradycardia -AV block -decreased respiration -hypertension -vomiting -muscle tremors |
|
reversal agent for dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (dexdomitor) |
-antipamezole (antisedan) |
|
antipamezole (antisedan) is the reversal agent for |
dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (dexdomitor) |
|
how dissociative agents work |
-by altering neurotransmitter activity, depressing the thalamus and cerebral cortex, stimulating the limbic system -involvuntary muscle rigidity (catalepsy), amnesia, analgesia -maintains pharyngeal/laryngeal reflexes, increased muscle tone |
|
uses of dissociative agents |
-restraint or sedation for diagnostic procedures -analgesia -anesthesia for minor surgery -combine with other agents for abdominal surgery |
|
side effects of dissociative agents |
-ataxia -hyperresponsive -tremors -spasticity -convulsions -hallucinations -respiratory depression -burning on IM injection -drying of cornea |
|
example dissociative agents |
-ketamine -telazol |
|
what is the dissociative agent in telazol |
tiletamine |
|
what is the benzodiazepine in telazol |
zolazepam |
|
what are the 2 components of telazol |
-tiletamine -zolazepam |
|
which class of drugs does ketamine belong to |
-dissociative agents -cyclohexylamine family |
|
which family of drugs make up the dissociative agents |
the cyclohexylamine family |
|
which class of drugs does telazol belong to |
-dissociative agents -cyclohexylamine |
|
uses for opioid agonists |
-analgesia -sedation -restraint -anesthesia -treatment of coughing -treatment of diarrhea |
|
side effects of opioid agonists |
-respiratory depression -excitement -nausea -vomiting -diarrhea -defection -panting -convulsions |
|
name example opioid agonists |
-morphine* -oxymorphone* -butorphanol* -fentanyl* -hydrocodone* -diphenoxylate (lomotil)* -apomorphone* -codeine* -buprenorphine (buprenex)* -tramadol* -opium paregoric -meperidine (demerol) -etorphine -pentazocine -methadone -carfentanil |
|
which class of drug(s) does morphine belong to |
opioid agonists |
|
which class of drug(s) does oxymorphone belong to |
opioid agonists |
|
which class of drug(s) does butorphanol belong to |
opioid agonists |
|
which class of drug(s) does fentanyl belong to |
opioid agonists |
|
which class of drug(s) does hydrocodone belong to |
opioid agonists |
|
which class of drug(s) does diaphenoxylate (lomotil) belong to |
opioid agonists |
|
diphenoxylate aka |
lomotil |
|
lomotil aka |
diphenoxylate |
|
which class of drug(s) does apomorphone belong to |
opioid agonists |
|
which class of drug(s) does codeine belong to |
opioid agonists |
|
which class of drug(s) does buprenorphine (buprenex) belong to |
opioid agonists |
|
buprenorphine aka |
buprenex |
|
buprenex aka |
buprenorphine |
|
which class of drug(s) does tramadol belong to |
opioid agonists |
|
how do opioid antagonists work |
-by binding with opiate receptors -displace narcotic molecules -prevent further narcotic binding at the sites |
|
uses for barbiturates |
-sedative -anticonvulsant -general anesthetic -euthansia agents |
|
where are barbiturates metabolized |
metabolized by the liver |
|
disadvantages of using barbiturates |
-non reversible -metabolized by liver -necrosis of tissue if administered outside the vein into the SQ space -respiratory depression -CNS depression/excitement -cardiovascular depression |
|
uses for phenobarbital |
-primarily used as an anticonvulsant -long-acting |
|
which class of drug(s) does phenobarbital belong to |
-barbiturate -oxybarbiturate -long lasting (class IV) |
|
which forms are phenobarbital administered in |
-tablet -injectable |
|
which class of drug(s) does pentobarbital sodium belong to |
-barbiturates -oxybarbiturate -short acting -Class II |
|
what is pentobarbital sodium used for |
-euthanasia agent (IV, IP) -controlling seizures in progression |
|
name some example barbiturates |
-phenobarbital -pentobarbital sodium -thiopental (pentothal) |
|
who is thiopental contraindicated in |
sight hounds and very thin animals |
|
what are possible causes of seizures |
-idiopathic -infecious -traumatic -toxic -metabolic |
|
side effects of antiseizure drugs |
-drowsiness -CNS depression -anxiety -agitation -PU/PD -hepatotoxicity |
|
name example anti-seizure drugs |
-diazepam (valium)* -phenobarbital* -potassium bromide* -gabapentin (neurontin)* -levetriacentam (keppra)* -zonisamide (zonegran)* -pentobarbital -primidone -phenytoin sodium (dilantin) -corazepate -felamate |
|
side effects of propofol |
-apnea -seizure like signs -if used repeatedly in cats: heinz body anemia, prolonged recovery times |
|
propofol |
-short acting hypnotic -commercially available -aka "milk of amnesia" -rapid smooth anesthetic induction -sedation, restraint, or unconsciousness -available as micro- or macro- emulsion |
|
uses for propofol |
-anesthetic induction -outpatient procedures -sedation, restraint or unconsciousness |
|
isoflurane |
-inhalant anesthetic -produces general anesthesia - <2% -pungent odor -rapid induction and recovery time -does not decrease cardiac output |
|
sevoflurane |
-inhalant anesthetic -produces general anesthesia -3% -little odor (making it a better option for mask induction) -rapid induction and recovery times (even faster than iso) -expensive -anesthetic depth changes occur rapidly |
|
halothane |
-inhalant anesthetic -produce general anesthesia -may result in cardiac dysryhthmias -halothane hepatitis (25%) |
|
inhalant anesthetics |
-produce general anesthesia -inhaled -produce unconsciousness, analgesia, muscle relaxation |
|
examples of inhalant anesthetics |
-isoflurane -sevoflurane -halothane |
|
the main types of antidepressants are |
-tricyclics -serotonin reuptake inhibitors -monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
|
how to tricyclics work |
-by preventing the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin -antidepressant |
|
uses of tricyclics |
-separation anxiety -OCDs -fearful aggression -hypervocalization -hyperactivity -urine marking |
|
side effects of tricyclics |
-sedation -tachycardia -hear block -dry mouth -mydriasis -KCs -urine retention -constipation |
|
examples of tricyclics |
-amitriptylline (elavil)* -clomipramine (clomicalm)* -imipramine |
|
how do serotonin reuptake inhibitors work |
-by preventing the reuptake of serotonin -antidepressant |
|
uses of serotonin reuptake inhibotrs |
-OCDs -aggression -separation anxiety -phobias |
|
side effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
-there are few -anorexia -nausea -lethargy -anxiety -diarrhea -can be cost prohibitive |
|
example serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
-fluoxetine (prozac, reconcile)* -sertraline (zoloft)* -paroxetine (paxil)* -fuvoxamine (luvox)* |
|
fluoxetine aka |
prozac, reconcile |
|
prozac and reconcile aka |
fluoxetine |
|
sertraline aka |
zoloft |
|
zoloft aka |
sertraline |
|
paroxetine aka |
paxil |
|
paxil aka |
paroxetine |
|
fuvoxamine aka |
luvox |
|
luvox aka |
fuvoxamine |
|
how do monoamine oxidase inhibitors work |
-by blocking MAO-B which is responsible for the break down of dopamine -antidepressant |
|
example monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
selegiline (anipryl) |
|
selegiline aka |
anipryl |
|
anipryl aka |
selegiline |
|
uses for monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
-canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome -cushing's disease |
|
side effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
-vomiting and diarrhea -anorexia -restlessness -lethargy -salivation -shaking -deafness |
|
which class of drug(s) does selegiline (anipryl) belong to |
-antidepressant -monoamine oxidase inhibitor |
|
which class of drug(s) does fluoxetine (prozac, reconcile) belong to |
-antidepressants -serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
|
which class of drug(s) does sertraline (zoloft) belong to |
-antidepressants -serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
|
which class of drug(s) does paroxetine (paxil) belong to |
-antidepressants -serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
|
which class of drug(s) does fuvoxamine (luvox) belong to |
-antidepressants -serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
|
which class of drug(s) does amitriptylline (elavil) belong to |
-antidepressants -tricyclics |
|
which class of drug(s) does clomipramine (clomicalm) belong to |
-antidepressants -tricyclics |
|
amitriptylline aka |
elavil |
|
elavil aka |
amitriptylline |
|
clomipramine aka |
clomicalm |
|
what is the main component of most euthanasia agents |
pentobarbital sodium |
|
name some brands of euthanasia agents |
-euthasol -sleepaway -beuthanasia -fatal-plus |
|
euthanasia agents |
-rapidly produce unconsciousness without struggling, vocalization, or excessive involuntary movement |
|
which class of drug(s) does terbutaline (brethine) belong to |
-adrenergic agents -beta agonists |
|
which class of drug(s) does phenylpropanolamine (proin, PPA) belong to? |
-adrenergic agents -alpha receptors |
|
which class of drug(s) does epinephrine belong to |
adrenergic agents |
|
which class of drug(s) does atropine belong to |
-anticholinergics/cholinergic blocking agents |
|
which class of drug(s) does glycopyrrolate belong to |
-anticholinergics/cholinergic blocking agents |
|
which class of drug(s) does bethanechol belong to |
-direct cholinergic agents |
|
which class of drug(s) does pilocarpine belong to |
-direct cholinergic agents |
|
which class of drug(s) does metoclopramide (reglan) belong to |
-direct cholinergic agents |