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224 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

hypothalamus

the way the nervous system exerts control over the endocrine system - through the influence of the hypothalamus on the pituitary gland

how does the central nervous system send messages

-rapid electric over network of nerve fibers

how does the endocrine system send messages

-slower, through the blood stream to target structures

what is the nervous system

-the body's primary communication and control center


-allows an animal to respond and adapt to its environment and to maintain a constant internal environment

functions of the nervous system

-sensory


-integrative


-motor

central nervous system consists of

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system is

nerve processes that connect the central nervous system to glands, muscles, and receptors int he body (cranial and spinal nerves)

afferent division of the PNS

carry information from the receptors in the periphery of the body to the CNS

efferent division of the PNS

nerve cells that carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands

main divisions of the peripheral nervous system

-autonomic (sympathetic, parasympathetic)


-somatic

main divisions of the autonomic nervous system

-sympathetic (adrenergic): fight or flight


-parasympathetic (cholinergic): energey conserving

autonomic nervous system does/is

-unconscious, involuntary


-carry information from the CNS to cardiac muscles, glands, smooth muscle

the somatic nervous system does/is

-conscious, voluntary


-efferent nerves carry impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle tissue

sympathetic nervous system aka

adrenergic

parasympathetic nervous system aka

cholinergic

sympathetic nervous system is responsible for (in general)

-fight or flight


-increase heart rate, increase respiration, decrease GI activity, dilation of pupils, constriction of blood vessels in smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle, dilation of bronchioles, increase in blood glucose level

parasympathetic is responsible for (in general)

-energy conserving


-decrease heart and respiratory rate, increase GI activity, constricts pupils, constricts bronchioles, increases secretions

the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is

acetylcholine

the main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is

-the catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)


-dopamine

neurons (nerve cell)

fundamental unit of all branches and divisions of the nervous system

axons

carry electric-like messages away from the nerve cell

dendrites

carry electric-like messages toward the nerve cell

cerebrum

learning, memory, interpretation of sensory input

thalamus

relay center for sensory impulses from the spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum to the cerebrum, pain perception

hypothalamus

-mediator between the nervous system and the endocrine system through its control of the pituitary gland


-controls and regulates the ANS

medulla

-carries both sensory and motor impulses between the spinal cord and brain


-breathing, heart beat, blood pressure, vomiting, swallowing, coughing, temperature, hunger, thirst, etc.

reticular system

functions to around the cerebral cortex and is responsible for consciousness, sleep, and wakefulness

what do ANS fibers innervate?

-smooth muscle


-heart muscle


-salivary glands


-other viscera

which parts of the body only have sympathetic fibers

-adrenal medulla


-sweat glands


-hair follicles

which adrenergic receptors are found in the sympathetic nervous system?

-alpha 1


-alpha 2


-beta 1


-beta 2


-dopaminergic

what are the primary neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?

(catecholamines)


-norepinephrine


-epinephrine (alpha and beta)


-dopamine

what are the cholinergic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system?

-nicotinic receptors


-muscarinic receptors

primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system

acetylecholine

what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the pupils

constricts the pupils

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the pupils

dilates pupils

what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the salivation

stimulates flow of salivation

what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart

slows heartbeat

what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the lungs

constricts bronchi

what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the stomach and intestines

stimulates peristalsis and secretion

what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the liver

stimulates release of bile

what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the bladder

contracts bladder

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on salivation

inhibits flow of saliva

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart

accelerates heartbeat

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the lungs

dilates bronchi

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the stomach and intestines

inhibits and peristalsis and secretion

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the liver

conversion of glycogen to glucose

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the the adrenal glands

secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the bladder

inhibits bladder contraction

how do drugs affect the autonomic nervous system

-mimic neurotransmitters


-interfere with neurotransmitter release


-block the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors


-interfere with the breakdown or reuptake of neurotransmitters at the synpase

cholinergic agents aka

parasympathomimetic

how do cholinergic agents work

by stimulating the receptor sites mediated by acetylecholine by mimicking (direct) or delaying breakdown of acetylecholine (indirect)

what are cholinergic agents used for

-stimulating GI motility


-reduce IOP


-treat urinary retention


-antidote for neuromuscular blockers


-control vomiting


-diagnose myasthenia gravis

side effects of cholinergic agents

-bradycardia


-hypotension


-heart block


-lacrimation


-diarrhea & vomiting


-increased intestinal activity


-intestinal rupture


-increased bronchiole secretions

classes of drugs which act on the parasympathetic nervous system ###

-cholinergic agents


-anti cholinergics

example direct cholinergic agents

-bethanechol (urecholine)*


-pilocarpine*


-metoclopramide (reglan)*


-carbamylcholine

bethanechol aka

urecholine

urecholine aka

bethanechol

bethanechol (urecholine)

-direct cholinergic agent


-treat GI and urinary tract atony

pilocarpine

-direct cholinergic agent


-reduces IOP in glaucoma

metaclopramide aka

reglan

reglan aka

metoclopramide

metaclopramide (reglan)

-direct cholinergic agent


-controls vomiting and promote gastric emptying


-sensitizes receptors in GI tract to effect of acetylcholine

example indirect cholinergic agents

-edrophonium )tensilon)


-neostigmine/physotigmine


-organophosphates (insecticide dips)


-demecarium (humorsol)


-pyridostigmine (mestinon)

how do anticholinergics work

-blocking the action of ACh at muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system


-cholinergic blocking agents (belladonna alkaloids)

uses of anticholinergics

-preanesthetic to dry secretions and prevent bradycardia*


-dilate pupil for ophthalmic exam*


-relieve ciliary spasm of the eye*


-treat sinus bradycardia*


-treatment of diarrhea and vomiting (slow GI motility)

side effects of anticholinergics

-side effects are dose related*


-tachycardia


-photophobia


-disorientation


-drowsiness


-constipation


-anxiety


-burning at the injection site

example anticholinergics

-atropine*


-glycopyrrolate*


-methscopolamine


-aminopentamide (centrine)


-propantheline


-pralidoxime

atropine

-anticholinergic


-parenteral and ophthalmic administration

glycopyrrolate

-anticholinergic


-quaternary ammonium compound


-similar but longer action than atropine


-preanesthetic

what are anticholinergics derived from

belladonna alkaloids

anticholinergics aka

cholinergic blocking agents

which part of the nervous system do anticholinergics act upon?

-parasympathetic nervous system


-specifically blocking the muscarinic receptors

which part of the nervous system do cholinergic agents act upon

-parasympathetic nervous system


-specifically mimicking ACh (direct) or delaying breakdown of ACh (indirect)

adrenergic agents aka

sympathomimetic agents

uses for adrenergic agents

-stimulate heart beat in cardiac arrest


-reverse hypotension and bronchoconstriction in anaphylactic shock


-strength heart during CHF


-correct hypotension through vasoconstriction


-reduce capillary bleeding through vasoconstriction


-urinary incontinence


-reduce mucous membrane congestion in allergic conditions


-prolong effects of local anesthetic agents


-glaucoma

side effects of adrenergic agents

-tachycardia


-hypertension


-nervousness


-cardiacarrhythmias


-pulmonary edemia

example adrenergic agents

-epinephrine/norepinephrine*


-phenylpropanolamine (proin, PPA)*


-terbutaline (brethine)*


-albuterol (proventil)*


-isoproterenol


-dopamine


-dobutamine


-phenylephrine

phenylpronanolamine aka

-proin


-PPA

proin aka

phenylpropanolamine

PPA aka

phenylpropanolamine

terbutaline aka

brethine

brethine aka

terbutaline

albuterol aka

proventil

proventil aka

albuterol

phenylpropanolamine (proin, PAA)

-adrenergic agent


-alpha receptors


-urinary incontinence in dogs

terbutaline (brethine)

-adrenergic agent


-beta agonist


-used for bronchodilation

albuterol (proventil)

-adrenergic agent


-beta agonist


-used for bronchodilation

how do adrenergic blocking agents work

-used to disrupt the activity of the sympathetic nervous system


-drugs only block one category of receptor (alpha or beta)

side effects of alpha blocking adrenergic blocking agents

-hypotension


-tachycardia


-muscle tremors


-seizures

examples of alpha blocking adrenergic blocking agents

-acepromazine*


-prazosin (minipress)*


-yohimbine*


-atipamezole (antisedan)*


-pherroxybenzamine

acepromazine

-adrenergic blocking agents


-alpha blocker


-tranquilizer


-vasodilator

prazosin aka

minipress

minipress aka

prazosin

prazosin (minipress)

-adrenergic blocking agent


-alpha blocker


-vasodilator


-hypotensive agent

yohimbine

-adrenergic blocking agent


-alpha blocker


-antidote for xylazine

atipamezole aka

antisedan

antisedan aka

atipamezole

atipamezole (antisedan)

-adrenergic blocking agent


-alpha blocker


-reversal for dexmedetomidine

uses for beta blocking adrenergic blocking agents

-arrhythmias/HCM


-glaucoma

side effects of beta blocking adrenergic blocking agents

-bradycardia


-hypotension


-worsening heart failure


-bronchoconstriction


-heart block


-syncope

example beta blocking adrenergic blocking agents

-atenolol, propanolol, sotalol


-timolol (carteolol, levocunolol, metipranolol)

timolol

-adrenergic blocking agent


-beta blocker


-used for glaucoma

uses of central nervous system depressants

-tranquilize


-sedate for restraint for anesthetic procedures


-control pain


-induce anesthesia


-prevent or control seizures

example tranquilizers

-phenothiazine derivatives


-benzodiazepine derivatives


-xylazine hydrochloride


-dexmedetomidine hydrochloride

how phenothiazine derivatives work

-tranquilizer


-mechanism not well understood


-may block dopamine receptors


-effect cardiovascular system as a result of alpha-adrenergic blockade


-depress CRTZ producing antiemetic effects


-relatively safe

uses for phenothiazine derivatives

-sedation/tranquilizaiton


-allay fear and anxiety


-NOT an analgesic


-mild vomiting (motion sickness)


-mild pruritis

side effects of phenothiazine derivatives

-hypotension


-hypothermia


-seizures in epileptics

examples of phenothiazine derivatives

-aceprommazine maleate*


-chlorpromazine hydrochloride (thorazine)


-promazine HCL (sparine)


-prochlorperazine (compazine)

how do benzodiazepine derivatives work

-tranquilizers


-depression of the thalamic and hypothalamic areas of the brain


-minimal CNS depression

uses of benzodiazepine derivatives

-sedation


-relief of anxiety and behavioral disorders


-muscle relaxation


-appetite stimulation (in cats)


-anticonvulsant


-injectable anesthetic

diazepam aka

valium

valium aka

diazepam

midazolam aka

versed

versed aka

midazolam

alprazolam aka

xanax

xanax aka

alprazolam

lorazepam aka

ativan

ativan aka

lorazepam

what is the antagonist of xylazine

yohimbine

what does yohimbine antagonize

xylazine

what are the side effects of xylazine hydrochloride

-vomiting (dogs and cats)


-bradycardia


-hypotension


-respiratory depression


-increased sensitivity to epinephrine

uses of xylazine hydrochloride

-sedative


-analgesic*


-muscle relaxant


-short acting anesthesia when mixed with other injectable agents


-colic in horses


-sedation for minor procedures


-extra label use for cesareans in cattle

xylazine hydrochloride administration, concentration, and action

-alpha-2 agonist


-used with atropine in dogs


-cattle are esp. sensitive: use 1/10th equine dose


-used in dogs, cats, horses, deer, elk


-antagonized by yohimbine


-2 concentrations available

what is the dosing of xylazine hydrochloride in cattle

1/10 the equine dose

dexmedetomidine hydrochloride aka

dexdomitor

dexdomitor aka

dexmedetomidine hydrochloride

dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (dexdomitor) action

-tranquilizer


-alpha 2 adrenergic agonist

uses for dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (dexdomitor)

-sedative


-pre-anesthetic


-analgesia in dogs and cats

side effects of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (dexdomitor)

-bradycardia


-AV block


-decreased respiration


-hypertension


-vomiting


-muscle tremors

reversal agent for dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (dexdomitor)

-antipamezole (antisedan)

antipamezole (antisedan) is the reversal agent for

dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (dexdomitor)

how dissociative agents work

-by altering neurotransmitter activity, depressing the thalamus and cerebral cortex, stimulating the limbic system


-involvuntary muscle rigidity (catalepsy), amnesia, analgesia


-maintains pharyngeal/laryngeal reflexes, increased muscle tone

uses of dissociative agents

-restraint or sedation for diagnostic procedures


-analgesia


-anesthesia for minor surgery


-combine with other agents for abdominal surgery

side effects of dissociative agents

-ataxia


-hyperresponsive


-tremors


-spasticity


-convulsions


-hallucinations


-respiratory depression


-burning on IM injection


-drying of cornea

example dissociative agents

-ketamine


-telazol

what is the dissociative agent in telazol

tiletamine

what is the benzodiazepine in telazol

zolazepam

what are the 2 components of telazol

-tiletamine


-zolazepam

which class of drugs does ketamine belong to

-dissociative agents


-cyclohexylamine family

which family of drugs make up the dissociative agents

the cyclohexylamine family

which class of drugs does telazol belong to

-dissociative agents


-cyclohexylamine

uses for opioid agonists

-analgesia


-sedation


-restraint


-anesthesia


-treatment of coughing


-treatment of diarrhea

side effects of opioid agonists

-respiratory depression


-excitement


-nausea


-vomiting


-diarrhea


-defection


-panting


-convulsions

name example opioid agonists

-morphine*


-oxymorphone*


-butorphanol*


-fentanyl*


-hydrocodone*


-diphenoxylate (lomotil)*


-apomorphone*


-codeine*


-buprenorphine (buprenex)*


-tramadol*


-opium paregoric


-meperidine (demerol)


-etorphine


-pentazocine


-methadone


-carfentanil

which class of drug(s) does morphine belong to

opioid agonists

which class of drug(s) does oxymorphone belong to

opioid agonists

which class of drug(s) does butorphanol belong to

opioid agonists

which class of drug(s) does fentanyl belong to

opioid agonists

which class of drug(s) does hydrocodone belong to

opioid agonists

which class of drug(s) does diaphenoxylate (lomotil) belong to

opioid agonists

diphenoxylate aka

lomotil

lomotil aka

diphenoxylate

which class of drug(s) does apomorphone belong to

opioid agonists

which class of drug(s) does codeine belong to

opioid agonists

which class of drug(s) does buprenorphine (buprenex) belong to

opioid agonists

buprenorphine aka

buprenex

buprenex aka

buprenorphine

which class of drug(s) does tramadol belong to

opioid agonists

how do opioid antagonists work

-by binding with opiate receptors


-displace narcotic molecules


-prevent further narcotic binding at the sites

uses for barbiturates

-sedative


-anticonvulsant


-general anesthetic


-euthansia agents

where are barbiturates metabolized

metabolized by the liver

disadvantages of using barbiturates

-non reversible


-metabolized by liver


-necrosis of tissue if administered outside the vein into the SQ space


-respiratory depression


-CNS depression/excitement


-cardiovascular depression

uses for phenobarbital

-primarily used as an anticonvulsant


-long-acting

which class of drug(s) does phenobarbital belong to

-barbiturate


-oxybarbiturate


-long lasting (class IV)

which forms are phenobarbital administered in

-tablet


-injectable

which class of drug(s) does pentobarbital sodium belong to

-barbiturates


-oxybarbiturate


-short acting


-Class II

what is pentobarbital sodium used for

-euthanasia agent (IV, IP)


-controlling seizures in progression

name some example barbiturates

-phenobarbital


-pentobarbital sodium


-thiopental (pentothal)

who is thiopental contraindicated in

sight hounds and very thin animals

what are possible causes of seizures

-idiopathic


-infecious


-traumatic


-toxic


-metabolic

side effects of antiseizure drugs

-drowsiness


-CNS depression


-anxiety


-agitation


-PU/PD


-hepatotoxicity

name example anti-seizure drugs

-diazepam (valium)*


-phenobarbital*


-potassium bromide*


-gabapentin (neurontin)*


-levetriacentam (keppra)*


-zonisamide (zonegran)*


-pentobarbital


-primidone


-phenytoin sodium (dilantin)


-corazepate


-felamate

side effects of propofol

-apnea


-seizure like signs


-if used repeatedly in cats: heinz body anemia, prolonged recovery times

propofol

-short acting hypnotic


-commercially available


-aka "milk of amnesia"


-rapid smooth anesthetic induction


-sedation, restraint, or unconsciousness


-available as micro- or macro- emulsion

uses for propofol

-anesthetic induction


-outpatient procedures


-sedation, restraint or unconsciousness

isoflurane

-inhalant anesthetic


-produces general anesthesia


- <2%


-pungent odor


-rapid induction and recovery time


-does not decrease cardiac output

sevoflurane

-inhalant anesthetic


-produces general anesthesia


-3%


-little odor (making it a better option for mask induction)


-rapid induction and recovery times (even faster than iso)


-expensive


-anesthetic depth changes occur rapidly

halothane

-inhalant anesthetic


-produce general anesthesia


-may result in cardiac dysryhthmias


-halothane hepatitis (25%)

inhalant anesthetics

-produce general anesthesia


-inhaled


-produce unconsciousness, analgesia, muscle relaxation

examples of inhalant anesthetics

-isoflurane


-sevoflurane


-halothane

the main types of antidepressants are

-tricyclics


-serotonin reuptake inhibitors


-monoamine oxidase inhibitors

how to tricyclics work

-by preventing the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin


-antidepressant

uses of tricyclics

-separation anxiety


-OCDs


-fearful aggression


-hypervocalization


-hyperactivity


-urine marking

side effects of tricyclics

-sedation


-tachycardia


-hear block


-dry mouth


-mydriasis


-KCs


-urine retention


-constipation

examples of tricyclics

-amitriptylline (elavil)*


-clomipramine (clomicalm)*


-imipramine

how do serotonin reuptake inhibitors work

-by preventing the reuptake of serotonin


-antidepressant

uses of serotonin reuptake inhibotrs

-OCDs


-aggression


-separation anxiety


-phobias

side effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors

-there are few


-anorexia


-nausea


-lethargy


-anxiety


-diarrhea


-can be cost prohibitive

example serotonin reuptake inhibitors

-fluoxetine (prozac, reconcile)*


-sertraline (zoloft)*


-paroxetine (paxil)*


-fuvoxamine (luvox)*

fluoxetine aka

prozac, reconcile

prozac and reconcile aka

fluoxetine

sertraline aka

zoloft

zoloft aka

sertraline

paroxetine aka

paxil

paxil aka

paroxetine

fuvoxamine aka

luvox

luvox aka

fuvoxamine

how do monoamine oxidase inhibitors work

-by blocking MAO-B which is responsible for the break down of dopamine


-antidepressant

example monoamine oxidase inhibitors

selegiline (anipryl)

selegiline aka

anipryl

anipryl aka

selegiline

uses for monoamine oxidase inhibitors

-canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome


-cushing's disease

side effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors

-vomiting and diarrhea


-anorexia


-restlessness


-lethargy


-salivation


-shaking


-deafness

which class of drug(s) does selegiline (anipryl) belong to

-antidepressant


-monoamine oxidase inhibitor

which class of drug(s) does fluoxetine (prozac, reconcile) belong to

-antidepressants


-serotonin reuptake inhibitors

which class of drug(s) does sertraline (zoloft) belong to

-antidepressants


-serotonin reuptake inhibitors

which class of drug(s) does paroxetine (paxil) belong to

-antidepressants


-serotonin reuptake inhibitors

which class of drug(s) does fuvoxamine (luvox) belong to

-antidepressants


-serotonin reuptake inhibitors

which class of drug(s) does amitriptylline (elavil) belong to

-antidepressants


-tricyclics

which class of drug(s) does clomipramine (clomicalm) belong to

-antidepressants


-tricyclics

amitriptylline aka

elavil

elavil aka

amitriptylline

clomipramine aka

clomicalm

what is the main component of most euthanasia agents

pentobarbital sodium

name some brands of euthanasia agents

-euthasol


-sleepaway


-beuthanasia


-fatal-plus

euthanasia agents

-rapidly produce unconsciousness without struggling, vocalization, or excessive involuntary movement

which class of drug(s) does terbutaline (brethine) belong to

-adrenergic agents


-beta agonists

which class of drug(s) does phenylpropanolamine (proin, PPA) belong to?

-adrenergic agents


-alpha receptors

which class of drug(s) does epinephrine belong to

adrenergic agents

which class of drug(s) does atropine belong to

-anticholinergics/cholinergic blocking agents

which class of drug(s) does glycopyrrolate belong to

-anticholinergics/cholinergic blocking agents

which class of drug(s) does bethanechol belong to

-direct cholinergic agents

which class of drug(s) does pilocarpine belong to

-direct cholinergic agents

which class of drug(s) does metoclopramide (reglan) belong to

-direct cholinergic agents