Drugs Test 2

Front 1

excitotoxicity

Back 1

-too much action potential
-causes neuron death
-often caused by glutamate release after traumatic injuries

Front 2

Post Synaptic Potentials

Back 2

change in charge across a membrane when a neurotransmitter is recieved
they are graded

Front 3

Sympathetic Neurotransmitter

Back 3

norepinephrine

Front 4

Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter

Back 4

acetylcholine

Front 5

Sympathomimetics

Back 5

drugs that are agonists and mimic norepinephrine, activating sympathetic drive.
they reduce para - so can cause dry mouth

Front 6

Arachnoid Mater

Back 6

weblike, soft, spongy, and filled with CSF

Front 7

Pia Mater

Back 7

lowest level of protection
adheres to CNS surface

Front 8

Internuerons

Back 8

most of the neurons in CNS
Ex: cerebellar purkinje cells that adjust to fine motor movements

Front 9

Glial Cells

Back 9

myelin producers, astrocytes, microglia, etc.

Front 10

Oligodendrocytes

Back 10

myelinate MANY axons
in CNS

Front 11

Schwann Cells

Back 11

myelinate only one part of an axon
in PNS

Front 12

Astrocyte

Back 12

largest glial cell
many functions
can store and release neurotransmitters (commonly glutamate)

Front 13

Microglia

Back 13

involved in response to injury or disease

Front 14

"region"

Back 14

another name for nuclei
a cluster of cell bodies in CNS

Front 15

White Matter

Back 15

bundles of axons (tracts)
the myelin gives them a "whitish" appearance

Front 16

tract

Back 16

a bundle of axons in the CNS

Front 17

Gray matter

Back 17

cell bodies and dendrites (brain "regions")

Front 18

Forebrain

Back 18

telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)

Front 19

Midbrain

Back 19

Mesencephalon

Front 20

Hindbrain

Back 20

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

Front 21

Myelencephalon

Back 21

medulla
composed largely of tracts
an information superhighway (brain internet)
origin of the reticular formation

Front 22

reticular formation

Back 22

important for arousal
keeps you awake

Front 23

Metencephalon

Back 23

many tracts
pons-vental surface
cerebellum - coordination

Front 24

Mesencephalon

Back 24

Tectum and Tegmentum

Front 25

Tectum

Back 25

dorsal surface
inferior colliculi - audition
superior colliculi - vision, process motion, helps us view fast moving objects

Front 26

Tegmentum

Back 26

ventral surface
periaqueductal grey
substantia nigra
red nuclues

Front 27

Periaqueductal grey

Back 27

surrounds ventricles, important for analgesia, rich in opiod receptors

Front 28

Substantia Negra

Back 28

"black body"
sensorimotor
important for movement

Front 29

Red Nucleus

Back 29

sensorimotor

Front 30

Diencephalon

Back 30

Thalamus - sensory relay nuclei
hypothalamus

Front 31

Hypothalamus

Back 31

regulation of motivated behaviors
controls hormone release by pituitary

Front 32

Telencephalon

Back 32

cerebral cortex
convolutions increase SA and processing power
has 6 layers involved in processing

Front 33

corpus callosum

Back 33

the largest hemisphere connecting tract

Front 34

Frontal cortex

Back 34

important for behavioral INHIBITION and decision making

Front 35

Limbic System

Back 35

emotional behavior and regulation of motivated behavior
mamillary bodies, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, etc.

Front 36

amygdala

Back 36

important for fear
fear learning

Front 37

Basal Ganglia Motor System

Back 37

translates emotional info into some kind of action

Front 38

Ventral area of the striatum

Back 38

-incentive motivation
-receives info from the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
-this pathway is called the "final common pathway of addiction"
AKA Mesolimbic Dopamine System

Front 39

Mesolimbic Dopamin System

Back 39

the last common pathway of addiction
the pathway between the ventral area of the striatum and the VTA

Front 40

Overt Behaviors

Back 40

activity, task performance, etc
easier to measure b/c you have operational definitions

Front 41

covert behaviors

Back 41

subjective experiences
hard to measure
operation definitions are needed; how do you define "High"

Front 42

Balanced Placebo Design

Back 42

the chart with 4 sections
differing instructions and medications

Front 43

Between Effects

Back 43

Give person A the drug
Give person B the placebo
PROBLEM - 2 people have very different life experiences

Front 44

Within Effects

Back 44

Give person A the drug/placebo at time 1
Give person A the drug/placebo at time 2
PROBLEMS - time effect, order effect, test-retest bias
Overall more powerful though

Front 45

Independent Variable

Back 45

x axis
the variable you MANIPULATE
ex: dose of drug, drug v placebo, route of administration

Front 46

Dependent Variable

Back 46

the effect of the drug on some operationally defined measure
"what we measure"

Front 47

Addiction

Back 47

dependence = alcoholism
refers to a loss of control over drug behavior

Front 48

Controlled substance

Back 48

any food, beverage, or medication whose dispensation and use is regulated (tobacco, alcohol, etc.)

Front 49

Controlled Substance Act 1970

Back 49

scheduled drugs
created the DEA

Front 50

1960 Food - Cosmetics Act

Back 50

drug companies were forced to list ingredients in their drugs

Front 51

Schedule I Drugs

Back 51

have the least benefit
have the greatest potential for abuse
cocaine, heroine

Front 52

Legal view of addiction

Back 52

it is a "Social Disease" with social costs

Front 53

interdiction

Back 53

a war to stop the supply of drugs

Front 54

Induced Disorders

Back 54

depend on you having taken the drug recently (hallucinations)
disordered behavior following acute administration of drug

Front 55

Disordered Behavior

Back 55

when a behavior is maladaptive, affects daily life and social situations

Front 56

abuse disorders

Back 56

harmful use of a specific drug

Front 57

Substance dependecne

Back 57

loss of control of drug behavior

Front 58

Positive Reinforcement

Back 58

relates to impulse control disorders

Front 59

Negative Reinforcement

Back 59

involved in compulsive behavior disorders

Front 60

4 criteria for substance abuse,
must meet atleast one

Back 60

1. recurrent physically hazardous behavior
2. continued use despite social/interpersonal problems exaccerbated by drug
3.Failure to fulfill major role obligations
4. Continued use despite legal problems

Front 61

Substance Dependence Criteria
(need 3 or more)

Back 61

1. Physical Withdrawl
2. Tolerance
3. Taking more or longer than was originally intended
4.Unsuccessful attempts to quit
5. Spending a lot of time obtaining, using, and recovering
6. Other activities given up
7. taking the drug in the face of physical or mental health issues caused by the drug

Front 62

3 necessary but not sufficient causes of addiction:

Back 62

exposure
environment
heritability

Front 63

heritability estimates

Back 63

how much of a phenotype is attributable directly to genetics