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242 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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drugs that are prescribed for their effects in relieving symtpoms of anxiety, depression, or other mental disorders
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psychotherapeutic drugs
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when two disorders or illnesses occur in the same person, simultaneously or sequentially
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comorbidity
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comorbidity implies __ between the illnesses that affect the course and prognosis of both
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interactions
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one of the most common uses for prescription drugs
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treatment of mental illness
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mental illness is __ to define
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difficult
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mental illness implies inappropriate __ and __
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behavior and thinking
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premise that a pathogen is responsible for a person's illness or disease (if a pathogen is responsible we should be able to "prescribe" a cure or control)
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medical model
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an organism that produces disease
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pathogen
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currently __ of general population receives drugs or meds for emotional difficulties
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10-15%
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a condition caused by a mood disorder or by disorganized thinking (problems become disproportionate and interfere with daily life, discomfort leads to panic)
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mental illness
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a form of psychosis that affects the persons emotions; depression or mainia
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mood disorder
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sever loss of contact with reality
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psychosis
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what causes organic psychosis
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physical causes
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what causes function psychosis
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no known cause
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dejection characterized by withdrawal or lack of response to stimulation
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depression
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feelings of worthlessness, shortened attention span, no pleasure, sleep disorders, thoughts of suicide
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symptoms of depression
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inappropriate elation, irrepressible mood, extreme cheerfulness
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mania
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alternating moods of depression and mania
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bipolar affective disorder
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alternating moods of depression and normalcy
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unipolar
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__ of all Americans suffer from depression
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10%
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antidepressants are __ effective for many people with mild to moderate forms of depression
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generally
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blood letting, sneezing powder, flogged, starved, had hot irons put on their body, given marijuana
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how we used to treat mental illness
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a theory of personality and method of psychotherapy, focused on unconscious forces and conflicts and a services of psychosexual stages
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psychoanalysis (freud)
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1938; controlled administration of electric shock
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electroconvulsive therapy (electric shock)
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used to treat mania in the 1940's, used successfully in the 1960's
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lithium (1940's)
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there are __ major classes of drugs for depression
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3
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drugs for depression usually take __ days to work
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10-14
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three major classes of drugs for depression:
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-mono-amine-oxidase inhibitors (MAOs)
-tricyillic (TCA's) -selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors |
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antidepressant drug used for acute anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, and phobias, last choice for an antidepressant
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Mono-amine-oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
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drugs that effectively remove symptoms of acute depression
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tricyicllc (TCA's)
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an enzyme found in the outer membranes of the mitrochondira
-renders serotonin and dopamine and norepinephrine inactive |
MAO
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-effective in dealing with most cases of acute depression
-mood and confidence of patients improves and suicidal thoughts -works best with sever unipolar depression -useful in treating phobias, chronic pain, and bulimia |
tricycllic
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block the uptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin
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selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors
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many of our homeless mentally ill are __
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veterans
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-fatigue, dizziness, dry mouth, drowsiness
-impotence, ejaculatory problems -low blood pressure or high blood pressure -hallucinations, high fever, agitation, convulsions -distorted vision, rapid heart beat, constipation, sleepiness -urinary retention, confusion, dosorientation, rashes, jaundice -glaucoma, tremors, weight gain, coma, death |
side effects of antidepressants
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antidepressants can react with other meds, food, and are only __ effective
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60-70%
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antidepressents do not cause tolerance, psychological dependance or withdrawl symptoms but they can be __; should never mix with alcohol
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toxic
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used to treat and manage psychological disorders: psychosis, violent behavior, schizophrenia by blocking and inhibiting CNS activity
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antipsychotic major tranquilizers
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antipsychotic tranquillizers take about __ to work
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4-6 weeks
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antipsychotic tranquillizers are about __ effective
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70%
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-constipation
-dry mouth -jaundice -sensativity to sunlight -amenorrea -weight gain -breast development -altered sleep -seizures |
side effects of antipsychotic
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slow and limited movement
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bradykinesia
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difficulty in walking, shuffling, inflexible joints
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exrapyramidal
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sudden and involuntary muscle spasms, slurred speech, eyes that deviate up
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dystonia
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jerky uncontrollable motion, motor restlessness and protruding tongue
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akathesia
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involuntary repetitive facial movements like lip smacking and involuntary movement of the trunks like twitching
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tardive dyskinesia
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the amount of drugs needed for therapeutic purposes
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therapeutic window
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when you use OTC drugs you are __
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-self diagnosis
-self prescribing -self administering |
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__ of people self medicate
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75%
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__ of all drug purchases are OTC
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60%
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approximately __ OTC and __ prescription drugs are on the market each year
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300,000, 300
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OTC drugs are for __
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temporary use
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dextromethorphan (OTC cough suppressant) can also result in __ in higher doses
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distortions and hallucinations
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amendment that said nonprescription drugs have to be safe and effective
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1962 Kefauver-Harris amendment
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to simplify the task of making nonprescription drugs safe and effective the FDA identified 26 classes of OTC products and evaluated __ instead of each individual drug
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ingredients
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__: found that 3% of drug companies made important contributions, 13% made modest contriutions, and that 84% made little or no contributions
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1985
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relieve symptoms, kill organisms, prevent disease
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positive benefits of OTC and prescription drugs
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act as poison, side effects, develop dependence, interfere with other meds
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potential risks of OTC and prescription drugs
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GRAS, GRAE, and GRAHL
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category I of OTC and prescription drugs
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not generally recognized as safe or effective or properly labeled and should be removed from market
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category II of OTC and prescription drugs
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cannot be sold because there is insufficient research regarding safety and effectiveness
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category III of OTC and prescription drugs
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OTC drugs generally recognized as safe
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GRAS
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OTC drugs generally recognized as effective
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GRAE
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OTC drugs generally recognized as honestly labled
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GRAHL
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created safety-sealed tamper resistant packaging
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1982 tylenol poisoning crisis
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nonpatented, less expensive form of drug but not less effective
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generic
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trade name of brand, more expensive
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proprietary brand
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the perception is that nonprescription drugs are completely safe; howerver many OTC's are __
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ineffective and even potentially harmful
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__ is the leading cause of accidental poisoning deaths in children under 5 years of age
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asiprin
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the inappropriate use of medicines
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drug misuse
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-higher risk of toxicity
-lower margin of safety -more potent -use of certain chemicals |
prescription vs OTC
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when taking an OTC, always know what you are taking, __ the active ingredient
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identify
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when taking an OTC, __: desired, potential, undesired
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know the effects
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__ warnings and cautions when taking an OTC
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read and heed
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relieve pain
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analgesics
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acetylsallcylic acid that blocks pain, reduces fever, reduces inflammatin, reduces soreness, very acidic, irritates stomach, anticoagulant, increases gastrointestinal bleeding, increases # of viruses produced in body, increases reye syndrome, can overdose
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asprin
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tylenol, datril, ruduces pain, reduces fever, not anti-inflammatory, increases liver disorders
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acetaminophen
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advil, nuprin, anti-inflammatory, does not reduce fever, increases liver disorders, GI trouble
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ibuprofen
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Aleve, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for reduction of moderate to severe pain, fever, inflammation, stiffness
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naproxen
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orudis KT, actron, anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for reduction of moderate to severe pain, fever, inflammation, stiffness
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ketoprofen
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reduce congestion, runny nose, sneezing
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antihistamine
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reduces swollen membranes
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decongestant
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reduces aches, pains, and fever
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analgesic/antipyretic
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reduces non-productive cough, blocks coughing reflexes
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antitissuitive
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produces productive cough, increases fluid, decreases thickness
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expectorant
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promote sleep. drugs like nytol, sominex, sleep eze
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sleeping aids
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diminish fatigue, drowsiness, keeps you awake (primary ingredient is caffeine
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stimulants
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relieve indigestion
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antacids
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relieve constipation
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laxatives
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stops diarrhea
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antidiarrheal
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weight control
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anorexiants
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-acne (wipes or peeling agents
-sun care (spf of 15) -skin first aid (local anesthetic, antibiotics, antiseptics, antihistamines -dandruff and athletes foot |
OTC skin products
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induce or block vomiting
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emetics and antiemetics
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assist breathing
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bronchodilators and antiasthmatics
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promote oral hygiene
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dentrifices and dental products
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prevent pregnancy and treat vaginal infecions
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contraceptives and vaginal products
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promote eye hyiene and treat eye infections
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ophthalmics
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provide dietary suplements
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vitamins and minerals
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promote body hygiene
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antiperspirants
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there are more than __ herbal products on the market
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500
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americans comprise __ of the worlds pop., yet consume __ of all Rx drugs manufactured worldwide
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5%, 50%
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obtained only directly by direction of a physician or nonphysician specialist and referred to as prescriptions or Rx drugs
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prescription drugs
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treat bacteria infections, kill or stop growth of bacteria, broad or narrow spectrum, amoxil, cector
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antibiotics/antibacterials/anti-infective
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used by up to __ of the population. treats diminished interest, lack of pleasure in normal activity, fatigue, pessimism, guilt, sleep and appetite, suicidal tendencies, several types based on orgin
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antidepressants
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used by people with insufficient activity of insulin Type I= insulin not produced, typer II=receptors do not respond
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antidiabetic
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drug used to control spontaneous repetitive seizures
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antiepileptic
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block gastric secretions that make sores in lining of GI tract
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antiulcer/antispasmodic
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releive repiratory difficulty, relax muslces of air passage
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bronchodilartors
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diuretic, vasodialtors (relax)
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cardiovasolator antihypertensive
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decrease work load of heart or increase blood supply
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antianginal
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improves heart efficiency
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congestive HF
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used in management of alcoholism
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antialcohol
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anti-inflammatory action useful in treating various joint diseases
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antiarthritics
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block histamines and thus prevent allergic reactions
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antihistamines
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relieve breathing difficulties associated with bronchial asthma
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antiasthmatics
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relieve psychotic symptoms and minor, relieve anxiety and reduce tension
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tranquilizers
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produces loss of sensation
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anesthetics
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approximatly __ of americans are overweight and __ people in the US are obese
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60%, 25-30%
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__ outdated medicine
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do not use
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many older people use drugs to deal with __
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loneliness
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secondary drug effects that are unintended or unexcepted
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side effects
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side effects that are particularly undesirable threatening to health or life or even fatal
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adverse reactions
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a measure that relates the dose of a drug required to produce a desirable effect to that dosage which produces an undesired effect, the higher the ratio the safer the drug
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therapeutic index
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the use of two or more drugs at the same time
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polypharmacy
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when something is advised against
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contraindictions
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describes the chemical structure of the drug
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chemical name
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the official name of a drug
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generic
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the trademark or registered name of a drug
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brand
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what is important to remember in drug addiction therapy and prevetion?
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no single approach is appropriate for all individuals
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is medical detoxification treatment?
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no
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untreated chemical dependency costs the US more than __ annually
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$165 billion
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__ differ depending on on whether use is seen as a medical problem, breakdown in society or personality disorder
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goals of treatment
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-males between 18-25
-mental health problems -30-40% of homeless -use multiple drugs |
profile of drug user
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-hospital
-residential care (therapeutic communities -day hospitals -intensive outpatient services |
drug treatment settings
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fewer than __ days of treatment is of limited effectiveness
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90
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-counseling
-psychotherapy -cognitive therapy |
behavior therapy treatment
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-using methadone and nicotine replacements
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medication treatment
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most successful drug treatments provide:
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-combination of treatments
-assessment and case management |
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gives 13 overarching principles that characterize effective treatment programs
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national institute of drug abuse
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treatment does not need to be __
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voluntary
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failure to maintain a course of action
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relapse
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eliminating drugs from the body; usually the initial step in treatment
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detoxification
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type of therapy used in treatment of heroin addiction
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methadone maintenance programs
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a program that advocates a complete change in lifestyle, such as complete abstinence from drugs, elimination of deviant behavior, and development of employable skills
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therapeutic communities
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a system that allows the referring professional to match the assessed level of addictive severity with an appropriate intensity and level of care, ranging from an outpatient clinic to a medical center
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patient placement criteria
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a term used to describe how some people feel about having a controversial facility loacated in their neighborhoods.
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NIMBY (not in my back yard)
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elimination of a negative behavior all at once as opposed to gradually
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cold turkey
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a type of confrontational treatment frequently used at therapeutic communities
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encounter groups
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a nonresidential drug treatment program
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outpatient treatment
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a residential drug treatment program based on a hospital model
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inpatient treatment
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alcohol treatment based on behavior modification in which teh person learns to drink in a nonabusive manner
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controlled drinking approach
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a drug that interferes with metabolization of alcohol making the drinker violently ill
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antabuse
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when family members friends and associates gather to confront the individual as a group and present concrete evidence of the impact that the persons drug problem has had on them, in supportive manner, they press individual to admit the problem and seek treatment
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intervention
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drug free residential settings that use a hierarchial model with treatment stages that reflect increased levels of personal and social responsibility
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terapeutic communities
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a relationship in which one person is psychologically dependent in an unhealthy way on someone who is addicted to a drug or self-destructive behavior such as chronic gambling
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codependency
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drug education=
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knowledge
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drug prevention=
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getting a person not to use
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__ of funds for drug E&P come from the federal government allocated to reduce supply
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2/3
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__ of funds for drug E&P come from the federal government allocated to reduce demands
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1/3
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national agency overseeing drug prevention and abuse
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substance abuse and mental health services agency (SAMHSA)
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drugs like marijuana, tobacco, and alcohol viewed as __
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soft and gateway drugs
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refers to the notion that drugs are used as an introduction to other drugs...
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gateway drugs
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-user has little or no experience
-don't start -promoting activities reinforcing a positive drug free lifestyle |
primary stage of prevention
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-valuing and maintaining sound personal health
-understanding the effects of drugs on health -respecting laws and rules that prohibit drugs use -recognizing and resiting pressure to drugs |
what works with a person in the primary stage of prevention
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-not in need of treatment
-don't get worse |
secondary stages of prevention
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-heavy user
-gets treatment -relapse prevention |
tertiary stages of prevention
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the most widely used drug prevention program in the US is __
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DARE (drug abuse resistance education)
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-prevent the individual from beggining to use
-minimize the risks of drugs to the user -reduce teh risks of drug use on society -prevent drug dependency |
goals of drug education and prevention
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many drugs provide __ thats why drug prevention efforts have not worked, and americans don't like being told what to do
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immediate gratificaion
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using facts and straight forward information on drugs to educate and prevent people from using drugs
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cognitive/information model
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other people in your peer group disseminate information on drugs to educate and prevent people from using drugs
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peer tutoring/teaching model
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teach how to resist drugs to educate and prevent people from using drugs
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social influence and resistance models
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drug itself causes the drug abuse and dependence
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agent related
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user is unusually susceptible to the effects of drug; genetic, biological, psychological or psychiatiric
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host related
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the sociocultural setting if favorable to use; social learning, cultural learning, environmental stress, alienation
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environment-related
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chronic life threatening condition that has roots in genetic suseptibility, social circumstances and personal behavior
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addiction
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characterized by occasional or experimental use
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initial use
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characterized by regular involvment
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habitual use
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high end of habitual, career use, tolerance and withdrawal, physical and psychological dependence
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addiction
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return to regular use
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relapse
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four phases of addiction
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-initial
-habitual -addiction -relapse |
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any behaviors that are self-destructive or deliquient
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high risk behaviors
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kids with nonivolved parents are __ more likely to use
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4x
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ability to say no to drugs through learning to cope with peer pressure
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resilency skills
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in order to have effective drug P&E you need: good and accurate __ (eleminate myths), personal __ and __
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information, development, social skills
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lowering, restricting, or eliminating the availability of a drug by disrupting drug trafficking, driving drug prices higher etc
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supply reduction
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lessening the need for indivduals to use drugs that are not within the bounds of medical therapy and that disrupt human development and functioning by helping youth to create positive mental attitudes, values, bahviors, and life styles
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demand reduction
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protecting drug users from unhealthy, irresponsible, drug taking behaior and theus reducing the harm and negative consequences of drug abuse by increasing teh propotion of individuals who practice responsible drug use
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inoculation
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student taught awareness and resistance
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STAR
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__: drug free schools and communities
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1986
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subgroup within the populaiton whose members share similar values and patterns of related behaviors that differ form other subculutes and the larger prpulation; athletes, women, men, adolescents, college students, elderly adult
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subculture
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viewing a group of subculture from outside the group and viewing the group and its members as an oberver
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outsiders perspective
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viewing the group of subculture from inside the group; seeing the members as they perceive themselves
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insiders perspective
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1930s: anabolic steroids were developed to treat __
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hypogonadism
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used to treat patients with anemia
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erythropoietin
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used to treat undersized children
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human growth factor
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substances that provide an athletic advantage, enhance athletic performance
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ergogenicaids
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the use of performance enhancing drugs to increase athletic ability
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doping
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__ of competitors in the 1960 olympic used some form of drugs
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90%
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__: olympics required athletes to submit to drug testing and published a list of drugs that result in disqualification
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1968
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__: NFL banned stimulants
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1971
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__: anabolic steroids were classified as schedule III controlled drug
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1991
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__: creatine first used in olympics
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1992
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__: US supreme court ruled that high schools have the right to drug test athletes
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1995
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__: first olympics to take place since the new worldwide anti-doping code was adopted
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2004
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__: estimated date when gene doping is likely to become an issue
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2012
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seven classifications of PES
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-build mass and strength
-increasing oxygen in tissues -masking pain -stimulants -relaxants -weight control -masking drug use |
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adrogen like drugs, synthetic substances used to increase muscle mass; related to male sex hormones; chemically similar to cholesterol and mimics the action of testosterone
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anabolic steroids
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naturally occurring male hormones produced by the testes; essential for normal growth and development of male sex organs, secondary sex characteristics, growth spurts
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androgens
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able to stimulate the conversion of nutrients into tissues, growth of skeletal muscle and muscle building
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anabolic
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anabolic-androgenic steroids add __ if used by motivated people who train intensively and follow a proper diet
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bulk and strength
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more than __ steroids developed
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100
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nonmedical anabolic-androgenic steroids are taken in dose of __ greater than legitimate medical conditions for periods lasting 6-12 weeks or longer
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10-100x
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ingesting or injecting several steroids at the same time
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stacking
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use of different types of steroids but in sequence, taking then stopping then starting again
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cycling
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moving from a low dailiy dose at the beggining of a cycle to a higher dose, then reducing use toward teh end of the cylce
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pyramiding
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uncontrollable violence, sudden anger, explosive physical agression
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roid rage
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developing tolerance to effects of anabolic steriods
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plateauing
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while efforts are made to catch individuals that use PES's; athletes are finding ingenious means to subvert substances used to enhance performane and appearance
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the use-detection race
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-using steroid only during training and discontinuing use before competition
-taking drugs that block the excretion of steroids in the urin -using diuretics and drinking large quantities to dilute the steroid -adding adulterant chemicals to the urine |
strategies to avoid detcetion
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taking drugs that block teh excretion of steroids in urine
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masking
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-urine or blood
-gas spectromety -mass spectrometry immunoassays blood markers |
methods to test for steroids
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method of testing where sample is vaporized and each substance dissolves differently
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gas spectrometry
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method of testing where sample is blown apart with an electron beam and the fragments accelerate down a long magnetic tube to a detector, each stubstance has a unique place in the spectrometer
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mass spectrometry
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method of testing where sample is mixed with a solution containing an antibody specific to the tested substance
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immuno-assays
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severe side effects from steroids can be seen in as little as __ years of use
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2
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side effects usually reversible (steroids)
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men
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side effects usually irreversible (steroids)
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women
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-acne and oily skin, baldness, cysts, abrupt mood changes, hypertensino, heart attacks, strokes, infertility, liver and kidney tumors, stunted growth and tendown ruptures
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side effects of steroids
|
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hormone that stimulates normal growth, naturally secreted by the pituitary gland
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HGF
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designer drug, synthetic version of HGF
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HGH
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HGF and HGH are hormones that __
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stimulate protein synthesis
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hormone that enhances cardiovascular endurance by increasing red blood cell reproduction
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erythropoietin
|
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attempt to increase the number of red blood cells by reinfusing some of their own blood (which has been stored) before an athletic event
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blood doping
|
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stimulate natural production of growth hormone
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amino acids
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natural substance used to increase strength and short term speed (busts of short term energy); amino acid; high intensity muscle contractions
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creatine monohydrate
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creatine is listed as a __; therefore it is not scrutinized by the FDA
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nutritional supplement
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-muscle cramping
-dehydration -water retention -kidney problems -GI distress -Nausea -Seizures |
side effects of creatine
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nutritional supplement used for muscle development
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andro
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precurser molecule that is just one metabolic step away from testosterone
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androtenedoine
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-amphetamines (reduce fatigue and sustain intense exercise)
-caffine (improve short term endruance -ephedrin (ephedro) (improves brathing, raises metabolic rate giving burst of energy) |
stimulants
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-benzodiazepines and barbiturates (reduce tremors)
alcohol |
depressants
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