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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do Diuretics decrease blood pressure?
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They block tubular reabsorption of sodium and chloride, promoting renal excretion of salt and water.
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Give 2 examples of Loop Diuretics
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Furosemide
Bumetanide |
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Give 2 examples of Thiazide Diuretics
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Benzoflumethiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide |
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When are these diuretics given?
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For patients with fluid over load
They decrease symptoms of dyspnoea and improve exercise tolerance |
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How do ACE Inhibitors decrease blood pressure?
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Prevent vasoconstriction and inhibit sodium and water retention
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What do ACE Inhibitors inhibit that causes side effects and what is the main side effect this causes?
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Bradykinin metabolism which causes a cough
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What are the side effects of ACE Inhibitors?
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Cough
Hypotension Hyperkalaemia Renal Dysfunction |
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What are the contraindications of using ACE Inhibitors?
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Renal Artery Stenosis
Pregnancy Previous Angioedema |
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Give examples of ACE Inhibitors?
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Captopril
Enalapril Ramipril |
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Give examples of Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists
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Candesartan
Valsartan |
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Why are ARAs used?
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2nd line therapy for patients intolerant to ACE Inhibitors
Do not affect bradykinin metabolism therefore don't produce cough |
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Give examples of Beta Blockers
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Bisoprolol
Carvedilol Nebivolol |
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Why is Nebivolol used?
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For stable mild- moderate heart failure patients over 70 years
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When is caution needed when using Beta Blockers?
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When the patient has obstructive airways disease
Bradyarrythmias |
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Give 2 examples Aldosterone Antagonists
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Spironolactone and Eplerenone
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What kind of Diuretic is an Aldosterone Antagonist?
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Potassium sparing
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What are the potential side effects of Spironolactone?
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Gynaecomastia/ breast pain
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What is the cardiac glycoside used in heart failure treatment?
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Digoxin
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When is this drug indicated?
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Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter with heart failure
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Why is it used?
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As an add on therapy in symptomatic heart failure patients already receiving ACE Inhibitors and Beta Blockers
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How do Cardiac Glycosides work?
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Inhibit myocardial sodium/ potassium ATPase which increases the calcium and sodium exchange.
This increases cardiac output and slows AV conduction |
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Give an example of a vasodilator
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Hydralazine
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What does a combination of Hydralazine and Nitrates do?
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Decrease after- load and pre- load.
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Why are they used?
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Used in patients intolerant to ACE Inhibitors and ARAs
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How do they decrease after- load and pre- load?
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Low dose = venodilation
High dose = arterial vasodilation Decreases pulmonary congestion |
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Give examples of Inotropic agents
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Dopamine and Dobutamine
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Give examples of Vasopressor agents
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Nor adrenaline and Adrenaline
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How does Dopamine work?
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Low dose = vasoconstriction
Medium dose = Acts on beta receptors to increase myocardial contractility and cardiac output High dose = Acts on alpha receptors to cause vasoconstriction and increase total peripheral resistance (increase after- load) |
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How do vasopressors work?
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Act on alpha receptors to increase total peripheral resistance and blood pressure
Also increases cardiac output and heart rate. |
