Drugs For Diabetes Mellitus

Front 1

Diabetes is primarily a disorder of _______________ metabolism.

Back 1

carbohydrate

Front 2

What is the principle sign of diabetes, and why does it occur?

Back 2

sustained hyperglycemia, which results from impaired glucose uptake by cells and from increased glucose production.

Front 3

The regulation of blood glucose levels is referred to as ________________.

Back 3

glycemic control

Front 4

What is the etiology of Type 1 diabetes? Type 2?

Back 4

1. Autoimmune process
2. Strong suggestion of a hereditary process

Front 5

What is the primary defect causing type 1 diabetes? Type 2?

Back 5

1. Loss of pancreatic beta cells
2. Insulin resistance and inappropriate insulin secretion

Front 6

Are oral antidiabetics effective in treating type 1 diabetes?

Back 6

No.

Front 7

In which type of diabetes are glucose levels more stable: type 1 or type 2?

Back 7

Type 2

Front 8

Are symptoms always present in a patient with type 1 diabetes? Type 2?

Back 8

1. Yes: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphasia, weight loss
2. No, the patient may be asymptomatic

Front 9

Which type of diabetes is more prevalent: type 1 or type 2?

Back 9

Type 2

Front 10

In which type of diabetes are acute symptoms most likely to present?

Back 10

Type 1

Front 11

What is the leading cause of death among diabetic patients?

Back 11

Cardiovascular disease

Front 12

What types of microvascular damage occur with diabetes?

Back 12

Retinopathy, nephropathy, sensory and motor neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy or gastroparesis, amputations secondary to infection, and erectile dysfunction

Front 13

What are the symptoms of diabetic nephropathy?

Back 13

proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration and increased blood pressure.

Front 14

How is kidney damage determined?

Back 14

By testing for microalbuminuria, the presence of small amounts of albumin in the urine. In the normal kidney the albumin molecule is too large to be filtered by the kidney, so is not present in urine.

Front 15

What medications can slow the progression of mild to moderate diabetic nephropathy?

Back 15

ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers)

Front 16

What are the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy?

Back 16

tingling in the fingers and toes, increased pain or decreased ability to feel pain, suppression of reflexes, and loss of other sensation such as vibration.

Front 17

What causes neuropathy in the diabetic?

Back 17

nerve damage related to sustained hyperglycemia, which may cause metabolic disturbances in nerves or may injure the capillaries that supply nerves.

Front 18

What are the symptoms of diabetic gastroparesis?

Back 18

nausea, vomiting, delayed gastric emptying, and gastric or intestinal distention.

Front 19

What medication is used to treat diabetic gastroparesis?

Back 19

metoclopramide (Reglan) is a dopamine agonist that promotes gastric emptying.

Front 20

How many of the limb amputations in the US each year are caused by diabetes?

Back 20

More than half

Front 21

What are the three reasons for infections in diabetic feet?

Back 21

1. hyperglycemia provides a glucose-rich environment for bacteria to grow.
2. diabetes can suppress immune function and compromise host defenses against infection
3. diabetic neuropathy can prevent the patient from feeling discomfort and other sensations that would signal a serious infection is developing.

Front 22

Which three factors contribute to fetal death in mother's with diabetes?

Back 22

1. the placenta produces hormones that antagonize insulin's actions
2. production of cortisol, a hormone that promotes hyperglycemia, increases threefold during pregnancy.
3. Glucose can pass freely from the maternal circulation to the fetal circulation and hyperglycemia in the mother will stimulate excessive secretion of insulin in the fetus.

Front 23

What is gestational diabetes? How is it managed?

Back 23

diabetes that appears during pregnancy and then subsides rapidly after delivery. It is managed with glucose monitoring and control with diet and insulin.

Front 24

Is oral glucose management effective in controlling type 2 diabetes during pregnancy? If so, what are the constraints on its use?

Back 24

Generally pregnant women are put on insulin during their pregnancy, though oral Metformin has been proven to be an effective treatment as well.

Front 25

What are the three common glucose tests given for diabetes?

Back 25

1. Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) test
2. Casual Plasma Glucose test
3. Oral Glucose Tolerance test

Front 26

What is a normal Fasting Plasma Glucose level?

Back 26

less than 100mg/dL. FPG levels higher than 126mg/dL indicate diabetes.

Front 27

Which level denotes diabetes when using the Casual Plasma Glucose test?

Back 27

higher than 200mg/dL

Front 28

When is the Oral Glucose Tolerance test administered?

Back 28

When diabetes is suspected but both the fasting and casual plasma glucose tests are inconclusive.

Front 29

Which of the common glucose tests is preferred for making an actual diagnosis of diabetes?

Back 29

The Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) test

Front 30

What does a hemoglobin A1C value of 6.5% or higher mean?

Back 30

That the patient's glucose levels have been high for a long time and he or she has diabetes.

Front 31

Which conditions can skew the results of a hemoglobin A1C test?

Back 31

Pregnancy, chronic kidney or liver disease, recent severe bleeding or blood transfusion, and blood disorders such as thalassemia, iron deficiency anemia and Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia.

Front 32

Does a diagnosis of prediabetes mean that a patient is going to develop the disease?

Back 32

No, it simply means they are at higher risk for developing diabetes.

Front 33

What are the central components for treating both type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Back 33

Proper diet and adequate exercise