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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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narke which is Greek, means what?
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numbness, sleep or stupor
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the naturally ocurring opiates are lkaloids of the poppy plant called ________ ________
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papaver somniferum
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describe opium
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gummy brown residue collected from the poppy seed capsule
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opium spread from the Middle East to Europe as a result of the ________ in the 11th and 12th centuries.
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crusades
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what is laudanum?
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medical drink containing opium, wine and other spices
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Britains made the _______ accept opium as payment.
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Japanese
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in 1803 the German chemist Serturner isolated the principal ingredient in opium and named it _______.
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morphium
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Morpheus is the Greek God of ________.
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dreams
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what resulted in the widespread incidence of opiate addiction?
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the use of morphine pills and syrup during the American Civil War
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morphine addiction is also called the "________________"
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soldier's disease
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who is the typical user of "patent medicines" that contained opium
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white, middle class to upper class 30-50 yoa
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once opium was no longer considered a medical condition, this began what?
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the criminalization of addiction and addicts
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when was the first drug legislation in Canada?
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1908 opium act
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what was the second peice of legislation that made possession illegal, expanded polices search and siezure, and made cocaine illegal
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1911 Opium and Drug Act
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the crusade against drugs resulted in _________ prejudice.
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racial
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who was the Canadian leading the charge against drugs and jailing users?
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emily murphy
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Emily Murphy wrote the first ____ drug book
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anti-drug book
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how many days after the poppy flowers petals fall off can you harvest opium?
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ten days only
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what does the Greek word Opios mean?
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little vegetable juice
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There are ___ active alkaloids in opium
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25
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______ is identical to morphine except for the substitution of a methoxy for a hydroxyl moiety.
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codiene
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codiene has ____ pharmacological activity than morphine.
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less
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______ is the alkaloid that is the source of the opiate derivative oxycodone.
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thebaine
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oxycodone's medical name is ________
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percodan
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Heroin is lipid soluable so it gains access to what more readily?
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the CNS
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heroin is ______ pleasurable and _____ potent than morphine because it ______________
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morepleasurable
more potent because it passes through the blood brain barrier better |
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oxycodone when combined with ______ is then called Percodan
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aspirin
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oxycodone combined with ___________ is called Percocet, in time release form it is know as __________.
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acetaminophen
OxyContin |
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OxyContin has two nick names
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hillbilly heroin
poor man's heroin |
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street prices of oxycodone are ___ times that of the prescription price
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10
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oxycodone has a _____ _____ abuse level
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very high
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what is methadone's medical name?
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dolorphine
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can methadone produce tolerance and physical dependance?
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yes
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during WWII methadone was created to subsitiute _____ due to a shortage
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morphine
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fentanyl is synthetic and is _______ potent than morphine and heroin
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more
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what medical purpose does fentanyl have?
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it is used to put people to sleep
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fentanyl is highly associate with ___ ______
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over dose
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what is the medical name for hydromorphone?
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Dilaudid
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hydromorphone is a ______ derivative that has a _____ abuse rate.
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morphine derivative
high abuse |
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opiate ______ aredrugs that are similar in structure to opiates but produce NO pharmacological effect of their own.
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antagonist
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what are the names of ttwo opiate antagonists?
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naloxone
naltrexone |
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nonmedical opiate abuse in higher in _____.
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females
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how many mg are in a bag of heroin on the street
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100 mg
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recent estimates for the purity of street heroin is __%
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60%
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what is the most common method of opiate administration?
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oral admin
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what is the least common administration method of opiates?
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intravenous
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what are two other ways to administer opiates?
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snorting or smoking
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IV admin of opiates is said to produce an intense __________ sensation
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orgasmic
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what are some effects of opiates?
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euphoria
tranquil drowsiness nausea (medulla) depressed respiration release of histamine causing itching of the body and reddening of the eyes low body temp flushing constricted pupils diminished fertility in females inability to erect penis constipation pain relief |
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virtually all opiates are __________ by animals
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self-administered
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the rewarding effects of opiates are due to what?
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the increase in dopamine release in the VTA
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do opiates have a high or low break point for progessive ratio procedures?
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high
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do opiates serve as a discriminative stimuli?
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yes
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do opiates generalize to each other?
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yes
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do opiates generalize to other drug classes?
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no
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opiates ____ produce state dependant learning.
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may
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which type of brain receptors seem to be involved most in opiate effects? (euphoria, analgesia, resp. depression, phsyical depend)
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mu receptors
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the VTA opiate occupation of Mu receptors leads to inhibition of _______ which normally inhibits ______ neurons in the nucleus accumbens
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GABA
Dopamine |
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what is another receptor that is affected by opiates?
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sigma receptors
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sigma receptors may mediate _____ and _________
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dysphoria and hallucinations
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the existance of opiate receptors suggest what?
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that there is an endogenous receptor ligand
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endogenous peptides that act as agonists at opiate receeptor sites are called ___________
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endorphins
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endorphins have been implicated in what 5 things?
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analgesia
acupuncture childbirth intense physical activity anorexia |
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substantial tolerance occurs most to the effects of opiates, includingwhich 3 things?
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euphoria
analegsia repspiratory depression |
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tolerance occurs more slowly and less fully to other effects like ______ or ______.
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constipation or pupil constriction
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in Shepard Siegel's rat experriment, drug experienced rats given large doses without the normal pre-drug cues _____.
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died
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daily dosing for as little as ___ to ___ weeks can produce dependance.
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two to three weeks
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some users use opiates occasionally and can control its use, they are callled _______.
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chippers
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are opiate withdrawal symptoms life threatening?
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no
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the first symptom of opiate withdrawal is ______ for up to 4-6 hours after the last administration.
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craving or desire
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oth opiate withdrawal symptoms will appear with a peak at the ___ - ____ hours mark
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24-72
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what are opiate withdrawal symptoms characterized as?
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flu
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what are opiate withdrawal symptoms?
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widely dilated pupils
lacrimation nausea and vomitting intestinal spasms and diarrhea dripping nose chills and hair standing up profuse sewating wight loss yawning twitching extremities pain in muscles,bones, joints goosebumps spontaneous orgasm |
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how long does it take the symptoms of withdrawal to disappera in opiate users?
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7-10 days
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what may lead to subclinical withdrawal or relapse?
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drug cues
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what is negative reinforcement?
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avoiding a bad thing
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is relapse common in opiate addicts?
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yes
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how long can the effects of methadone last?
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10-24 hours
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when was methadone first used in Canada?
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1960
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what are two components used today that are considered "harm reduction strategies"?
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methadone maintenance
needle exchange programs |
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what is the typical dose of methadone?
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50mg
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what percentage of methadone patients completely quite opiate use?
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20%
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which drug is currently being investigated as a srug to block "craving" for a variety of drugs including opiates, alcohol, nicotine, and stimulants?
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Rimonabant
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