Drugs And Society Exam 4

Front 1

What was the major purpose or interest in tobacco in the early 1500s?

Back 1

Tobacco was used as an herb useful for treating almost everything. Persistant headaches, cold or sores of the head were treated with tobacco. 14 books mentioned the medicinal value of tobacco.

Front 2

What type of tobacco advertising "first" occurred in 1919?

Back 2

The first ad showing a woman smoking. Woman was Asian and the ad was for a Turkish type of cigarette to make it easier to accept.

Front 3

Since 1964, what has been the overall trend in the per capita sale of cigarettes in the U.S.?

Back 3

Per capita sales of cigarettes began a decline that continues over the next 40 years.

Front 4

What is leukoplakia, and with what type of tobacco use is it associated?

Back 4

Leukophakia is whitening, thickening, and hardening of the tissue. It is considered to be a precancerous lesion It is associated with chewing or oral tobacco.

Front 5

What is the approximate number of annual deaths associated with cigarette smoking in the USA?

Back 5

440,000 die from tobacco smoking.

Front 6

How does the carcinogenic potential of sidestream smoke compare with that of mainstream smoke?

Back 6

Sidestream smoke, which is the smoke rising from the ask of the cigarette, is higher in many carcinogens than the mainstream smoke delivered to the smoker’s lungs.

Front 7

What are the general effects of maternal smoking on infant birth weight and development?

Back 7

Infants born to smokers are about half a point lighter than infants born to nonsmokers. They have a smaller head circumference, neurological problems, reading and mathematical skills are down, and hyperactivity.

Front 8

How is sudden infant death syndrome related to cigarette smoking?

Back 8

It is increased close to the time of birth in smoking mothers.

Front 9

What proportion of former smokers stop "on their own", without a formal treatment program?

Back 9

90 percent

Front 10

2. Why did early American citizens (1700's) become predominantly coffee drinkers instead of tea drinkers?

Back 10

Colonists were unhappy about paying taxes on tea so there was a boycott on the consumption of English tea. Later, American merchants were not making profit off of the cheap tea and they would send away the tea boats which also contributed to it.

Front 11

Caffeine belongs to which family of stimulant drugs? what other compounds are included in the group?

Back 11

Xanthines. The three xanthines are caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine.

Front 12

What is the most reliable withdrawal symptom indicating caffeine dependence?

Back 12

The most reliable withdrawal sign is a headache

Front 13

To significantly affect the autonomic nervous system, approximately how much caffeine must be ingested?

Back 13

Higher dose levels about 500 ml.

Front 14

Throughout history, for what purpose(s) have coca leaves been used?

Back 14

Natives of the Andes Mountains in Bolivia and Peru used coca leaves to gain energy so that they were able to carry big bundles large distances, and sometimes put lime on them so that the cocaine is extracted in greater amountsThe Inca’s used coca in religious ceremonies, and as a form of money.

Front 15

Why did cocaine use become more popular in the 1960s?

Back 15

Amphetamines became harder to obtain, so cocaine use became more popular.

Front 16

What symptoms can occur with high doses of powerful stimulants?

Back 16

Profound CNS stimulation which progress to convulsions, which can lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest.

Front 17

What are the common causes of death related to cocaine overdose?

Back 17

Heart Attack, Stroke, Lungs fill with fluid

Front 18

What event or discovery made cocaine more accessible to the poor?

Back 18

When smokeable cocaine became available, this was inexpensive and accessible to anyone.

Front 19

What is the effect of chronic "crack" dependence on the user's mood?

Back 19

They can have paranoid psychosis, which causes hallucinations.

Front 20

. How was cocaine used in dentistry? What development led to a change in this role?

Back 20

It was used as an anesthetic. There was a potential for misuse, so in 1905 Novocain was invented which is still used widely today.

Front 21

. What is "freebasing"? Why is it preferred over "snorting" by serious cocaine abusers?

Back 21

Smokable cocaine, because it vaporizes at a low temperature. It is made with a tricky solvent method and is very dangerous. The effects are within 8-10 seconds, and last 5-10 minutes.

Front 22

List four methods of administering cocaine to the body and describe one danger of each.

Back 22

Snorting: Damage to nasal passages
IV: Danger to bloodborne infections
Freebase: Explosion
Crack: Depression follows

Front 23

After World War II, what 2 countries had a significant problems with amphetamine abuse?

Back 23

Japan and Germany

Front 24

Be familiar with the use of amphetamine in asthma therapy and problems associated with its use in inhalers.

Back 24

Amphetamine was a potent dilator of bronchial and nasal passages. There were problems with the use in inhalers because there were paranoid psychosis reactions.

Front 25

For what specific hyperactive disorder are children prescribed stimulants? What is the drug of choice?

Back 25

ADHD Amphetamine’s used to reduce activity in hyperactive children. Ritalin is used is most cases.

Front 26

What are the signs of intoxication from above-normal doses of amphetamines?

Back 26

Easily panicked and paranoid, violence may also occur.

Front 27

What is the effect of sedative-hypnotics at low doses? At higher doses?

Back 27

Low dose: to reduce anxiety
High dose: sleeping pills

Front 28

Identify the most widely used sedative-hypnotic.

Back 28

Alcohol (Sedative-Hypnotic are part of a larger class considered depressants)

Front 29

What is the effect of depressants on neural activity?

Back 29

It decreases neural activity.

Front 30

In general, short-acting barbiturates and benzodiazepines are prescribed for what purposes?

Back 30

Sleeping Pills

Front 31

What are the risks associated with use of powerful depressants?

Back 31

Intoxication is similar to being drunk.

Front 32

What sleep-related problem would be associated with the use of a long-acting barbiturate at bed-time?

Back 32

Insomnia

Front 33

What type of barbiturate, short-acting or long-acting, is most likely to produce psychological dependency?

Back 33

Short Acting

Front 34

What type of barbiturate, short-acting or long-acting, is most likely to produce withdrawal symptoms?

Back 34

Short Acting

Front 35

According to your textbook, how should insomnia be managed?

Back 35

Establish and maintain a regular bedtime and a regular arising time. Try to wake up and get out of bed at the appointed time, even if you have trouble sleeping the night before. Avoid excessive sleep during holidays and weekends.
When you get into bed, turn off the lights and relax. Avoid reviewing in your mind the day’s stresses and tomorrows challenges.
Exercise regularly. Follow an exercise routine, but avoid heavy exercise late in the evening.
Etc. On page 163 in text.

Front 36

Be familiar with the withdrawal syndrome associated with barbiturates and benzodiazepines (powerful depressants).

Back 36

Increases in anxiety, irritability, or insomnia.

Front 37

If a person who is dependent on powerful depressants abruptly stops using, what dramatic neurological event might occur?

Back 37

Grand Mal Seizure

Front 38

. Be familiar with the toxic effects of sedative-hypnotic drugs

Back 38

Impaired Judgment and in-coordination. Depression of respiration rate.

Front 39

. Be ready to identify "Energy" drinks that are marketed to young adults.

Back 39

Because it has been aimed at a high energy market, or individuals who perform activities such as extreme skiing, snowboarding, and similar high energy activities .

Front 40

What type of performance is enhanced by 200-300 mg of caffeine?

Back 40

Partially offset fatigue induced decrement in the performance of motor tasks. Prolongs the amount of time an individual can perform physically exhausting work.

Front 41

To significantly affect the autonomic nervous system, approximately how much caffeine must be ingested?

Back 41

Higher dose levels about 500 ml.

Front 42

What is the relationship between caffeine consumption and pregnancy outcomes?

Back 42

Studies strongly suggest that consumption of more than 300 mg of caffeine per day by a woman can reduce her chances of becoming pregnant, increase miscarriages, and slow the growth of the fetus so that the baby weights less than normal at birth.

Front 43

What is the American Cancer Society's stand on the relationship between caffeine consumption and CANCER risk?

Back 43

No reason to consider caffeine a risk factor in human cancer.

Front 44

According to the Johns Hopkins Medical School study, how much coffee/caffeine increases risk of heart disease x 2.5?

Back 44

five or more cups per day

Front 45

What are the common symptoms of caffeinism?

Back 45

nervousness, irritability, tremulousness, muscle twitching, insomnia, flushed appearance, and elevated temperature

Front 46

Regarding nicotine dependence, what conclusion was made about the process of addiction to tobacco/nicotine?
(1988 Surgeon General's report)

Back 46

The pharmacological and behavioral processes that determine tobacco addiction are similar to those that determine addiction to drugs such as heroin and cocaine.

Front 47

What, if any, are the therapeutic uses of nicotine?

Back 47

none

Front 48

What are the possible consequences of nicotine poisoning?

Back 48

light headedness, temors, death