Drugs And Society Chapter 6

Front 1

HIstorically what substances hav e been used

Back 1

amanita mushrooms, belladonna,
marijuana, and peyote

Front 2

In the 20th century where are psychedelics used and what are they

Back 2

Americas
and Africa, substances such as peyote, psilocybin, yage, morning glory seeds, etc.

Front 3

what psychedelic's use has recently increased

Back 3

LSD, MDMA, and psychedelic mushrooms

Front 4

what are the main classes of psychedelics

Back 4

Indole psychedelics, Phenylalkylamines, Anticholinergics, Others, Canniboids

Front 5

HIstorically what substances hav e been used

Back 5

amanita mushrooms, belladonna,
marijuana, and peyote

Front 6

In the 20th century where are psychedelics used and what are they

Back 6

Americas
and Africa, substances such as peyote, psilocybin, yage, morning glory seeds, etc.

Front 7

Indole psychedelics

Back 7

(LSD, psilocybin)

Front 8

what psychedelic's use has recently increased

Back 8

LSD, MDMA, and psychedelic mushrooms

Front 9

Phenylalkylamines

Back 9

(mescaline, "ecstasy")

Front 10

what are the main classes of psychedelics

Back 10

Indole psychedelics, Phenylalkylamines, Anticholinergics, Others, Canniboids

Front 11

Anticholinergics

Back 11

(belladonna

Front 12

Others

Back 12

(Ketamine, PCP, etc.)

Front 13

Indole psychedelics

Back 13

(LSD, psilocybin)

Front 14

Phenylalkylamines

Back 14

(mescaline, "ecstasy")

Front 15

Problems in diagnosing?

Back 15

lack of scientific documentation
of effects because of the illegal status of psychedelics, the lack of standard doses,
contamination or misrepresentation.

Front 16

Anticholinergics

Back 16

(belladonna

Front 17

how do psychedelics work?

Back 17

alter the functioning of numerous neurotransmitter systems

Front 18

Others

Back 18

(Ketamine, PCP, etc.)

Front 19

Problems in diagnosing?

Back 19

lack of scientific documentation
of effects because of the illegal status of psychedelics, the lack of standard doses,
contamination or misrepresentation.

Front 20

how do psychedelics work?

Back 20

alter the functioning of numerous neurotransmitter systems

Front 21

how do the effects vary>

Back 21

depend on the size
of the dose, past experience with the drug, emotional makeup, mood, and
surroundings.

Front 22

Physical effects

Back 22

include increased pulse rate, blood pressure, sweating,
nausea, and sensitivity to sensory stimulation.

Front 23

Emotional/mental effects

Back 23

include illusions (mistaken perceptions), delusions
(mistaken ideas or beliefs) and hallucinations (sensory experiences not related
to reality).

Front 24

LSD

Back 24

(Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)

Front 25

who was first to find lsd

Back 25

Dr. Albert Hoffman 1943

Front 26

who popularized lsd?

Back 26

Dr. Timothy Leary in the '60's ("Tune in, turn on, drop
out")

Front 27

When was LSD made illegal

Back 27

February 1, 1966 under Federal Drug Abuse Control
Amendments

Front 28

where is most lsd still manufactured?

Back 28

San francisco

Front 29

what is the national annual consumption of lsd

Back 29

11 pounds

Front 30

how much does each hit contain

Back 30

10 to 50 μg (micrograms or mics).

Front 31

lower doses (30-50 micrograms)

Back 31

act
more as a stimulant with mild euphoria (laughter and giddiness).

Front 32

Larger doses of 150-300 micrograms

Back 32

produce true hallucinations

Front 33

how does lsd work

Back 33

stimulates a specific subset of serotonin receptors, the 5HT2A
receptors.

Front 34

how long does lsd take to work and how long does it last for

Back 34

Effects begin 15 to 60 min after ingestion, peak at 2 to 4 hrs, and last 6 to
8 hrs.

Front 35

Physical effects of lsd

Back 35

include rises in heart rate, blood pressure, and body
temperature and dilated pupils.

Front 36

Mental effects of lsd

Back 36

Sensory distortion including synesthesia (mixing of the senses)
b. Dreaminess, depersonalization
c. Altered mood, impaired concentration
d. Difficulty in expressing oneself
e. Loss of judgment; diminishment of self-preservation instincts

Front 37

Bad trips (acute anxiety reactions)

Back 37

usually occur with new users who don't
know what it expect or experienced users who take too large a dose. Reactions
include anxiety, fear, and paranoia.

Front 38

Mental illness and LSD

Back 38

Proponents of its use in psychotherapy claim that LSD-induced insights
can provide a shortcut through extended psychotherapy.

Front 39

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder
(HPPD)

Back 39

is the long-term intermittent experience of visual and perceptual
disturbances long after LSD has been is gone from the body.

Front 40

Magic mushrooms

Back 40

(psilocybin and psilocin)

Front 41

how are mushrooms used

Back 41

ceremonially in Pre-Columbian America and are
still used today.

Front 42

what article introduced mushrooms into america

Back 42

Life Magazine article “Seeking the Magic Mushroom” in 1957

Front 43

how many species of mushrooms are there

Back 43

75

Front 44

what are dosage

Back 44

Doses of 10 mg to 60 mg produce sensory distortions that
can last for 3 to 6 hours.

Front 45

what are the effects

Back 45

initially nausea then changes in visceral sensations,
changes in sight, hearing, taste, and touch and altered states of
consciousness, sensations similar to LSD but with less disassociation and
panic.

Front 46

Ibogaine

Back 46

is produced by the African Tabernanthe iboga shrub.

Front 47

Morning glory seeds

Back 47

(ololiuqui) contain a mild LSD-like substance, but
several hundred seeds are needed to obtain an effect. Today the seeds are dipped
in a toxic substance when sold commercially

Front 48

DMT

Back 48

(dimethyltryptamine)

Front 49

Yage

Back 49

is psychedelic drink made from an Amazonian vine. It produces a
dreamlike state lasting up to 10 hrs.

Front 50

Phenylalkylamine Psychedelics

Back 50

This class is chemically related to adrenalin and amphetamines, and their
effects take longer to appear then LSD or other indole psychedelics.

Front 51

Mescaline

Back 51

is the active component of Peyote and San Pedro cacti

Front 52

what north american tribes still use mescaline

Back 52

comanche and kiowa and ute

Front 53

effects of mescaline

Back 53

Seven to eight buttons is average dose
b. Effects last twelve hours and are similar to LSD. Very colorful visions
and hallucinations are common.
c. Each use is accompanied by severe vomiting.

Front 54

Designer psychedelics

Back 54

MDA, MDMA

Front 55

what are the classes of designer psychedeclis come from

Back 55

variants of the amphetamine molecule.
They produce feelings of well-being, euphoria and stimulatory effects. Over 150
have been synthesized to date.

Front 56

MDA

Back 56

(methylene-dioxyamphetamine

Front 57

MDMA

Back 57

3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, (street name "ecstasy") has
been manufactured illegally since it was banned as a Schedule I drug in
1988.

Front 58

When it was legal the manufacturer sold

Back 58

50,000

Front 59

Physical effects

Back 59

Stimulant effects resemble those of amphetamines and begin in about 30
minutes. Higher doses increase the physical effects.
1. increased heart rate and respiration
2. sweating
3. hyperactivity
4. bruxism (clenching of the teeth)
As users become tolerant to the mental effects, they begin taking higher doses.
High doses lead to more serious problems: malignant hyperthermia,
water toxicity, seizure activity.

Front 60

Mental effects

Back 60

Effects last 3 to 4 hours and include feelings of happiness, increased empathy,
more self-awareness, heightened self-esteem, clarity, and mild distortions of
perception, but no illusions or hallucinations.

Front 61

how does mdma work

Back 61

causes a massive release of serotonin from pre-synaptic
vesicles. After serotonin supplies are depleted, taking more ecstasy produces
limited mental effects. It can take a week to restore serotonin levels to normal and
users report feelings of depression and confusion the day after use.

Front 62

Neurotoxicity

Back 62

Experiments in rats and monkeys have shown damage to the axon terminals of
serotonergic neurons after high dosages and the damage remained for 12 to 18
months.

Front 63

Anti-cholinergic Psychedelics

Back 63

Belladonna, henbane, mandrake, datura

Front 64

Anti-cholinergic Psychedelics Work by

Back 64

blocking acetylcholine receptors

Front 65

Other Psychedelics

Back 65

Ketamine Phencyclidine

Front 66

Effects

Back 66

Toxic effects are frequent and severe
b. Mental effects include sensory deprivation and "mind-body" separation
c. Can also induce stimulation (low dose), depression, high blood pressure,
combative behavior (moderate dose), catatonia, coma, convulsions (high
dose) Does not impart super human strength, but does reduce response to
painful stimuli and users fight violently because their paranoid state leads
them to believe people want to kill

Front 67

Salvia Divinorum

Back 67

It is a member of the sage family and has been used for centuries by medicine men
of the Sierra Madre in northeastern Mexico.
2. Active ingredient is salvinorum A.
3. Hallucinogenic effects last 7 to 10 minutes when smoked

Front 68

Cannabinols

Back 68

Marijuana

Front 69

Pharmacology of Marijuana

Back 69

360 different chemicals have been identified, 30 of which have
psychoactive effects. Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the most potent.

Front 70

Recent research has identified two receptor subtypes

Back 70

CB1 receptors are found
9
mostly in the brain in areas that regulate short term memory (hippocampus),
one’s sense of novelty (amygdala), and the sensory appeal of food
(hypothalamus). CB2 receptors are found in the immune system.

Front 71

sinsemilla

Back 71

(without seeds) growing technique, increases the THC content since
unfertilized female buds produce more resin. Male plants are removed from growing

Front 72

In India leaves, stems, and flowers are used to produce different potencies

Back 72

Bhang is made from leaves and stems with lowest potency
Ganja is made from stronger leaves and flowering tops
Hashish is made from the resin and is the richest in THC

Front 73

Synthetic THC in a pill

Back 73

Marinol

Front 74

Physical Effects

Back 74

Sedation, bloodshot eyes, increase in appetite, increase in heart rate, loss of
muscular coordination and decreased tracking ability.

Front 75

Mental effects

Back 75

In moderate doses it produces a sense of detachment from the environment, feelings
of déjà vu, giddiness, and increased alertness. These feelings are often followed by
quiet introspection, hunger, and sedation.
b. Very strong doses can produce feelings of movement under the feet, visual
illusions, sensory distortion, and feelings of paranoia.
c. Effects are very dependent on mood and surroundings. Marijuana exaggerates the
emotional state of the user.
d. A loss of a sense of time can make repetitive jobs go by faster

Front 76

Marijuana and Learning

Back 76

Slows learning and disrupts concentration.
b. Impairs short-term memory; no effect on long-term memory.
c. Can delay or impede emotional development since users avoid solving life
problems and become “stoned” to counteract emotional pain.
d. Called "the mirror that magnifies" because it exaggerates natural or habitual
tendencies in the user, such as not really wanting to study

Front 77

Tolerance and withdrawal

Back 77

Tolerance increases rapidly
b. Chronic users experience withdrawal symptoms but the onset is delayed for 3 to 7
days. Symptoms include craving, irritability, insomnia, decreased appetite and inability to
concentrate.