Drugs And Society Chapter 2

Front 1

SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER

Back 1

the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (DSM-5, 2013), a major manual used by clinicians, psychiatrists, and most other mental health therapists and professions for diagnosing mental disorders

Front 2

SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS AND SUBSTANCE INDUCE DISORDERS

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differentiations for substance dependence in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association in 2013

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Moral Model

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the belief that people abuse alcohol because they choose to do so

Front 4

Disease Model

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the belief that people abuse alcohol because of some biologically caused condition

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Characterological or Personality Predisposition Model

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the view of chemical dependency as a symptom of problems in the development or operation of the system of needs, motives, and attitudes within the individual

Front 6

Personality Disorders

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a broad category of psychiatric disorders, formerly called "character disorders," that includes the antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and others; these serious, ongoing impairments are difficult to treat

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Psychoanalysis

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a theory of personality and method of psychotherapy originated by Sigmund Freud, focused on unconscious forces and conflicts and a series of psychosexual stages

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"Double Wall" of Encapsulation

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an adaptation to pain and avoidance of reality, in which the individual withdraws emotionally and further anesthetizes himself or herself by chemical means

Front 9

Genetic and Biophysiological Theories

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explanations of addiction in terms of genetic brain dysfunction and biochemical patterns

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Psychoactive Effects

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how drug substances alter and affect the brain's mental functions

Front 11

Neurotransmitters

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the chemical messengers released by nervous (nerve) cells for communication with other cells

Front 12

Dopamine

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a neurotransmitter present in regions of the brain that regulates movement, emotion, cognition, motivation, and feelings of pleasure; it mediates the rewarding aspects of most drugs of abuse

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Comorbidity

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two or more disorders or illnesses occurring in the same person; they can occur either simultaneously or one after the other; also implies interactions between the illnesses that can worsen the course of both

Front 14

Social Learning Theory

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a theory that places emphasis on how an individual learns patters of behavior from the attitudes of others, society, and peers

Front 15

self-medication

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a method of self-care in which an individual uses non-prescribed drugs to treat untreated and often undiagnosed medical ailments involving his or her psychological condition; self-prescribed drugs can include recreational drugs, psychoactive drugs, alcohol, and/or herbal products in order to alleviate or diminish mental distress, stress and anxiety, mental illnesses, and/or psychological trauma.

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habituation

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repeating certain patterns of behavior until they become established or habitual.

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addiction to pleasure theory

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a theory assuming that it is biologically normal to continue a pleasure stimulus once begun.

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sensation-seeking individuals

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types of people who characteristically are continually seeking new or novel thrills in their experiences.

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differential reinforcement

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ratio between reinforcers, both favorable and disfavorable, for sustaining drug use behaviors.

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social influence theories

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sociological theories that view a person's day-to-day social relations as a primary cause for drug use.

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structural influence theories

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theories that view the structural organization of a society, peer group, or subculture as directly responsible for drug use.

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labeling theory

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the theory emphasizing that other people's perceptions directly influence one's self-image.

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primary deviance

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any type of initial deviant behavior in which the perpetrator does not identify with the deviance.

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secondary deviance

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any type of deviant behavior in which the perpetrator identifies with the deviance.

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master status

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major status position in the eyes of others that clearly identifies an individual; for example: doctor, professor, alcoholic, heroin addict.

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retrospective interpretation

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social psychological process of redefining a person in light of a major status position; for example: homosexual, physician, professor, alcoholic, convicted felon, or mental patient.

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subculture theory

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explains drug use as a peer-generated activity.

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conventional behavior

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behavior largely dictated by custom and tradition, which is often disrupted by the forces of rapid technological change.

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control theory

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theory that emphasizes when people are left without bonds to other groups (peers, family, social groups) they generally have a tendency to deviate from upheld values and attitudes.

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socialization

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the growth and development process responsible for learning how to become a responsible, functioning human being.

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low-risk drug choices

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developing values and attitudes that lead to controlling the use of alcohol and drugs.

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high-risk drug choices

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developing values and attitudes that lead to using drugs both habitually and addictively.