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326 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Tobacco is the only source of
Nicotine
Tobacco Plant Latin name
Nicotiana tabacum
___________ leaves are dried and cured depending on the intended use
Tobacco
The only source of nicotine?
Tobacco
Nicotiana tabacum
Tobacco plant
Tobacco leaves are __________ and ___________ depending on the intended use
dried and cured
Is Nicotine sold as a drug?
No
Why isn't nicotine sold as a drug?
Politics and economics
Is Nicotine regulated by the government?
No
The Supreme court ruled that the FDA cannot regulate tobacco products until given
authority by congress (2000)
Nicotine administration
Smoking
Chewing
Dipping
Trans-dermal patch
Chewing gum
Nasal spray
Nicotine absorption
absorbed in the lungs
distributes rapidly through the body and then to the brain
Nicotine stays in the brain for
30 minutes
After leaving the brain, nicotine
concentrates in the kidneys, liver, salivary glands and stomach
Nicotine is excreted _________ by the kidneys and _________ by the liver
unchanged
metabolized
Does nicotine pass the blood/brain and placental barriers?
Yes
Where is nicotine found in the body?
Sweat, Saliva, and breast milk
How many people have a genetic defect to metabolize nicotine
16-25%
What defect are some non-smokers likely to have
Genetic defect to metabolize nicotine
Nicotine stimulates and then blocks _____________ receptors as dose ___________
nicotinic cholinergenic
increases
Nicotine ___________ and then __________ nicotinic cholinergic receptors as dose ______________
stimulates
blocks
Increases
Nicotine effects the _____ and the _______
PNS
CNS
Nicotine elevates levels of what neurotransmitters?
catecholamines
Nicotine stimulates ________ in the reward pathway
dopamine
Nicotine stimulates dopamine in the __________ pathway.
reward
Nicotine - muscle tremors
Stimulates receptors in the neuromuscular junction
Nicotine decreases some __________ movements
reflexive
Nicotine increases ______ and _____ and __________ vessels in the skin
HR
BP
constricts
Nicotine constricts vessels in the ___________
skin
Nicotine - wrinkles and aging
reduces skin temp
Nicotine stimulates __________ but decreases _________ to them causing ___________ risk
Bowels
bloodflow
herniation
Effects of tobacco on the CNS:
CNS arousal
Release of adrenalin (epinephrine)
Effects of tobacco on the CNS:
Respiration
Increases
Effects of tobacco on the CNS:
Brain stem emesis center
Stimulates
Effects of tobacco on the CNS:
Cells in the ____ connecting to ___ contain a subtype of __________ receptors
VTA
NA
nicotinic
Effects of tobacco on the CNS:
Stimulates cells in the _______
Excessive release of ____________ in the ______
VTA
dopamine
NA
Effects of nicotine on the CNS:
effects the ___________ neurotransmitter system
serotonergic
Smokers in a PET scan show increased activation of _____ while they experience the "pleasure" of smoking
NA
Smokers in a PET scan show (increased/decreased) activation of _____ while they experience the "pleasure" of smoking
Increased
NA
Although nicotine generates brain activation, smokers report feeling _______.
relaxed
Although nicotine generates brain ________, smokers report feeling relaxed
activation
Long term smokers have _____levels of psychological well-being as compared to non-smokers
lower
bad mood worsens when a person stops smoking but improves within ________.
3-4 weeks
Nicotine enhances
performance
In what way does nicotine enhance performance?
faster information processing and motor reactions
Nicotine, like caffeine - parabolic function
too much - performance goes down
performance and nicotine withdrawal
performance deteriorates
irritability
weight gain
sleep disturbances
drowsiness
Nicotine withdrawal
why drowsiness during nicotine withdrawal
increase in brain activity in areas associated with sleep
Nicotine - 3 theories
Nicotine bolus theory
Psychological tool theory
Withdrawal avoidance theory
Nicotine bolus theory
immediate high of the puff
Nicotine - psychological tool theory
Manually controlling nicotine in blood - can control performance effects
Withdrawal avoidance theory
avoid withdrawal
Smokers also use
caffeine and alcohol
Smokers are more likely to be
rebellious
Smokers are more likely to do these things
change jobs
divorce
crash cars
What do smokers do more of and less of
more - sex
less - academics
When do people start smoking?
teenagers
Cancer of the hypopharynx
smoking and drinking combo
Prenatal smoking
increase stillbirth and newborn illness
Smoking causes
lung cancer, emphysema, bladder and mouth cancer
Nicotine treatment - drug
buproprion - Wellbutrin
What is important to quit smoking
friend and family support
How to quit smoking
Nicotine replacement - patch, gum and nasal sprays
Cannabis plant - name
Cannabis sativa
Cannabis plant - How many types?
Some think 3 different
Others different subtypes of the same species
2 phenotypes of cannabis
hemp
main intoxicant (highest concentration)
Cannabis - active ingredient
Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol
THC
Have cannaboid drugs been artificially made? Why?
yes
Medical applications
THC is found where in the plant
all parts
Marijuana - name
Spanish word for cheap tobacco
Marijuana - how made
dried leaves and flowers of the cannabis plant
How potent is dried marijuana
low
Ganja, bhang
India
Bhang like MJ
Ganga is 3 x's more potent
Ganja - Jamaica
whole plant
Hashish - what is it?
resin from the flowering tops of cannabis plant
Hashish - potency
10x's more potent than MJ
Hashish - refined
potent hash oil or red oil
Over the past 50 years - MJ potency Why?
increased 50%
Crossbreeding
Cannabis history where did people start using?
central Asia
When cannabis spread across the globe
in the second century BCE
Who spread cannabis across the globe
Scythians
Cannabis is from what language
Scythian
How long has cannabis been described in China
6000 years
How was cannabis used, historically
as a medicine
Why was cannabis used as an intoxicant?
Potency got stronger
Who brought cannabis to the US
Mexican laborers in the early 20 century
THC administered
smoking
After inhalation effects of THC begin in
30-60 minutes
How long do the effects of THC last
1 hour or so
Blood THC levels peak in
15 minutes
If THC is eaten, _________ reduces the potency
digestion
What increases absorption of THC and what does not
Deep inhalation
holding in lungs
Why are cannabinoids readily distributed around the body
high lipid solubility
where do canabinoids concentrate in the body
kidneys and bile of the liver
how much THC enters the brain
1%
THC metabolizes in both the
lungs but most in the liver
Delta-9 THC is converted in the liver to a _________ potent form that crosses the _______ easily
more
blood-brain
Excretion of THC - how fast and how long
Slow
lasts for 30 days after a single use
When were THC receptors discovered? What was discovered later?
1980's
2 ID'd later
What are the 2 THC receptors called?
CB1
CB2
CB1 is focal generally in
CNS
CB1 is focal specifically in
cortex
hippocampus
cerebellum
basal ganglia
hypothalamus
brainstem
spinal cord
CB2 is generally found in
PNS
Do other CB receptors exists?
Scientists think so
Endogenous cannabinoid
anandamide
MDMA classified as a _________ with mild ________ properties
stimulant
hallucinogenic
MDMA enhances cellular concentrations of
serotonin
dopamine
All _________-type subsances share common effects and problems related to their use
amphetamine
All amphetamine-type substances share common _______ and ______ related to their use
effects
problems
Ecstasy -Forms
tablets
capsules
powder
liquid
Ecstasy - routes of administration
oral
smoked
anal
vagina
IV
Ecstasy - anal/vaginal
shelved
shafted
Ecstasy - dose mgs
75-150 mg in one good quality tablet
Ecstasy - How many tablets?
1-2 more can be taken if desired effect not reached
How old are Party Drugs user?
Young - mid teens or early to mid-20s
Party drugs - who uses? Male or female?
young males
Party drugs demographics
well-educated, employed or studying
Party Drugs - arrests
little contact with police, social authorities or treatment agencies
Party Drugs - what are they
Ecstasy
Alcohol
Ketamine
GHB
Party Drugs - patterns
25% weekly
60% bingeing w/in 6 mos
52% favorite
Party drugs users - poly drug use
common 6-7 drugs used in last 60 mos
What other drugs are used with party drugs?
Depressants - alcohol, benzodiazepines
Stimulants - hallucinogens, Ketamine, GHB
MDMA - history when?
1912
MDMA history who?
Anton Kollisch
MDMA history why?
to stop bleeding
Merck held patent for MDMA so it wasn't used for
65 years
_______ was an intermediate compound in the synthesis of methylhydrastinine. Merck was not interested in the properties
MDMA
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
MDMA
MDMA - 2004
second most common drug used by "first timers"
MDMA legal until
1985
MDMA prescribed for
OCD
MDMA is illegal now?
Yes
Ecstasy stimulates
serotonin
Tight muscles
dilated pupils, visual distortions
Sudden nausea
Strong pulse, increase temp
Confusion
The Ecstasy Experience:
Coming up
Happy
Relaxed
Heightened senses
Energy, confident talkative
decreased urine output
increased thirst
The Ecstasy Experience -
Plateau
Physical exhaustion
Flat effect
depressed
tired
anxious
irritable
The Ecstasy Experience -
Coming down
Comedown more intense if poly drug user
The Ecstasy Experience -
Poly drug user
The Ecstasy Experience -
timeline
Coming up 0-4 hours
Plateau - 4 hours
Coming down - 4-8 hours
Hyperthermia
Dehydration
Overhydration
Safety issues
OD
Problems associated with MDMA
Immediate
Fluid retention/Renal failure
Agitation confused mental state
psychosis
tachycardia
hypertension
hyperthermia
nausia
muscle rigidity
Ecstasy - OD
Ecstasy Dependence
Low likelihood
Ecstasy-Tolerance _______ effects and enjoyment
reduces
Tolerance causes reduced effects as lifetime use increases
The Ecstasy Experience -
Loss of magic
LSD
Lysergic Acid diethylamide
LSD is similar to
serotonin
LSD is ___________ and __________-like
indoleamine
chatecholamine
psilocybin
Lysergic acid amide
bufotenine
Indoleamine-like drugs
Chatecholamine-like drugs
Peyote
mecaline
LSD History - year
1943
LSD - became popular in the
60's
LSD associated with who?
Timothy Leary
LSD - true hallucinogen in ____ doses, in _______ doses get a high
high
low
LSD - dose
0-300 micrograms
LSD - administration
Gelatin tabs
Sugar cubes
microdots
LSD - lowest dose
Blotting paper
How long to feel the effects of LSD
30-90 mins
LSD - how much reaches brain
1%
LSD - half life
110 minutes
LSD - metabolism
in the liver
excreted in feces
Monoamines
Catecholamines
Epinephrine
Nor-Epinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin - not a chatecholamine
Psychomotor stimulants
Amphetamines
Ephedrine
Cocaine
Cathinone
Psychomotor stimulant effect on the nervous system
Stimulate neuronal transmission at synapses
Which synapses do psychomotor drugs stimulate
Ones that use epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, dopamine and serotonin
What are the monoamines and which is not a catecholamine?
Epinephrine
Nor-Epinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin - not a catecholamine
Amphetamines are created in the ______
Lab
Amphetamine can be synthesized from ________ and ________ to make__________
Ephedrine
Pseudoephedrine
crystal meth
Ephedrine and pseudo ephedrine to make crystal meth can come from where?
Sudafed
Which of the psychomotor stimulants is naturally occurring
Ephedrine -
Cocaine
Cathinone
Cocaine and cathinone are from ___________
Eastern Africa
Southern Arabia
Cocaine history - Who used it, how did they use it and where were they
Chewed by indian tribes in South America
Cocaine history - where found and when?
Peruvian burial sites back to 2500 BCE
Is coca-cola still made from coca leaves?
yes with the cocaine component removed
Ma Huang
Ephedrine
Ephedrine was first used in _________ and called ____________ for 5000 years
Ma huang in china for 5000 years
Ephedrine became so popular in the late 1800's and early 1900's that ____________.
Scientists searched for a synthetic
When was amphetamine synthesized?
When did people start using it?
1910
1927
Methamphetamine History - when did AMA allow and for what?
1937
Narcolepsy and depression
Methamphetamine History - what was it used for in 1943?
Diet pills
Natural stimulant from Khat leaves
Cathinone
Cathinone
Natural stimulant from Khat leaves
Cathinone is chemically similar to what other drugs
ephedrine and amphetamines
Cathinone induces what neurotransmitter release?
dopamine
Cathinone has been used where and for how long?
Eastern and central Africa and Arabian peninsula since recorded history
How is cathenone administered?
Chew leaves or make tea
Why aren't amphetamine and cocaine eaten?
they are weak bases
Can amphetamine and cocaine be absorbed in the digestive system?
How are they better administered?
Yes
Injected, sniffed, smoked or inhaled
Cocaine and amphetamines are ________ distributed through the body
Easily
Amphetamines and cocaine are metabolized by _________ and excreted in ___________
Liver
Urine
Which has a shorter half-life, Cocaine or amphetamine
Cocaine
Increase activity in MA synapses by stimulating leaking of transmitter, thus increasing the amount of transmitter released and by blocking reuptake of the transmitter by post-synaptic cell
Amphetamines and cathinone
Blocks uptake of the transmitter
Cocaine
Closely related to the meso-limbic dopamine system which governs reinforcement/reward
Monoamine (MA) systems in the brain
Basal ganglia regulates
Body movement
Body movement is regulated in the
Basal ganglia
Meso-limbic dopamine system (reinforcement and reward)
Basal ganglia
Release of Dopamine in the NA
Which areas of the brain are associated with psychomotor stimulants?
Release of dopamine in the NA possibly initiates
addictive effects
Psychomotor drugs in the body
CNS or PNS?
What are the effects?
PNS
Increase HR and BP
Dilate blood vessels and air passages in lungs
Psychomotor drugs were first used for
Asthma
Amphetamine causes ____________.
insomnia
Psychomotor drug on behavior
Improve mood at first but then depression
Stereotypic behavior
the senseless repetition of a meaningless act
When taken continuously, psychomotor drugs cause________, _________, and ________
Stereotypic behavior, psychosis and paranoia
In low doses amphetamine and cocaine can _____________ performance and eliminates ________ associated with cognitive or perceptual tasks or athletic activity
improve
fatigue
Amphetamines can cause _________ in animals trained under the influence
dissociation
What is dissociation
when you can recall what you've learned under the influence of a drug
Cocaine tolerance - Acute
every 20-30 mins for 10-12 hours
Coke out
Acute cocaine tolerance where the drug no longer becomes effective at improving mood
How long does a coke out last?
24 hours
Cocaine meth - chronic tolerance
How long
appetite
effects on BP and HR
Lethal dose
after 2 weeks
appetite comes back a little
effects decrease
goes up
Amphetamine and cocaine withdrawal is characterized by
intense depression
fMRI and PET scans show changes in ____________ activation up to a _______ after a person stops using cocaine and amphetamine
frontal cortex
year
What are the patterns of cocaine and amphetamine use and do we see it in animals too?
Yes
intense use with little eating or sleeping followed by a period of abstinence and recovery followed by another run
Two most addictive and reinforcing drugs
Amphetamine and cocaine
Liver damage
Inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes in nasal passages
Money loss
Harmful effects of Cocaine
Hallucinations, paranoia, cravings, antisocial behavior, concentration/attention problems, blurred vision, weight loss
Bad effects of Cocaine while in a run
restlessness, excessive talking, confusion, dizziness, tremors
Harmful effects of amphetamine - short term
paranoid psychotic behavior
Harmful effects of amphetamine - long term
Paranoid psychotic behavior associated with amphetamine use is probably due to
lack of sleep and food
Amphetamine - After 4 uses there is damage to what neurons
dopaminergenic
Treatment for psychomotor drugs
Detox using valium for acute withdrawal
Treatment for psychomotor drugs - What is the best treatment for psychomotor drugs?
inpatient
Serotonin agonist in the CNS
Locus Coeruleus
Cortex
LSD in the brain
What is a serotonin agonist?
mimics serotonin
Part of the brain most effected by LSD
Locus coeruleus
neocortex
Locus coeruleus is part of the ____________ pathway
fear/reward
What is believed to be the source of hallucinations with LSD?
Cortical alteration
Colorful visions
Mystical feelings
Strong emotions
Love and empathy
LSD
Impairs reaction time
inattentiveness
Improves some motor tasks
Behavior on LSD
LSD Tolerance
2-3 days - the drug stops working for about a week
LSD withdrawal
no known symptoms but flashbacks
Ecstasy what is it and what is it's main ingredient?
combined properties of chatecholamine-like drugs and amphetamine
MDMA
Enhances social intimacy
Induces self-insight and empathy to others
Ecstasy
Ecstasy -
How taken
How long until absorbed
half-life
orally
2 hours
8 hours
enhances the release of and then blocks the reuptake of catecholamines, mostly serotonin
Ecstasy - in brain
deplete serotonin
causes depression, sleep disorders and anxiety
Ecstasy - heavy use
loss of temperature regulation
dehydration
heat-stroke
Ecstasy - heavy dose
Dissociative anesthetics
Ketamine and PCP
Ketamine or PCP administration
snorted, injected or taken orally
Ketamine or PCP - how long until you feel it?
minutes
block NMDA receptors in the cortex
Ketamine or PCP - in brain
Ketamine or PCP - what do they induce?
numbness, analgesia and relation
memory loss
GHB is a ___________ of GABA
metabolite
GHB is a metabolite of _________
GABA
GHB - outlawed in
1990
GHB - does it have medical uses?
yes
GHB -
How taken
effects begin
peak
orally
15-30 min
25-45 min
GHB -
low dose
High dose
relaxation and sleep
un-arousable sleep and coma
Has it's own receptor in the CNS and modifies activities of several NT's
GHB - receptors and NT's
GHB -
Acts like
causes
other name
is it self-administered by non-humans
Anesthetic
Alcohol-like intoxication with amnesia
Date rape drug
no
bloodshot eyes
droopy eyelids
dry mouth
munchies
HR increase
Fluctuations BP and BT
THC
THC - sleep
small dose
large dose
increase drowsiness
interferes with sleep
THC - helpful effects
Glaucoma - reduces pressure
anti-emetic - chemo
Spasticity - MC
Pain, weight, appetite loss - cancer, AIDS
THC - can it cause Hallulcinations?
yes in high doses
THC -
short-term memory
driving
tolerance
can't store new information
interfere's drive slow
yes for all effects
THC withdrawal - when
what happens
after frequent high dose use
Hot flashes, runny nose, loose stool and sweating
THC harmful effects
large doses
long term use
Paranoia or anxiety in large doses
cannabis dementia
Cannabis dementia
memory loss
similar brain volume reduction as seen with alcoholics
THC - Reproductive
lower testosterone
prevent egg implantation
THC prenatal exposure
can cause hyperactivity, cognitive behavioral disorders observed at pre-school ages
THC increases lung cancer risk when combined with
cigarette smoking
THC increases lung cancer risk when combined with
cigarette smoking
Methylxanthines
Caffeine
Theophylline
Theobromine
Methylxanthines -
How taken
Absorbed where
peak levels in how long
orally
some in stomach but most in intestines
30-60 mins
Methylxanthines - Do they cross the blood brain and placental barrier?
Are they in breast milk?
yes, yes
How much caffeine is excreted, unchanged in the urine?
2%
Caffeine metabolism is slowed by and sped up by
alcohol
smoking and broccoli
Caffeine metabolism in women
varies based on monthly cycle hormone levels
Caffeine metabolism
Where
How long
Half life
liver
slowly eliminated
3.5 hours
block receptors of the inhibitory neuromodulator adenosine resulting in over stimulatoin
Caffeine in the brain
What does a neuromodulator do
controls the action of several neurotransmitter systems
What is the general effect of adenosine
slow neuron firing
Caffeine releases what NT's
Epinephrine and other chatecholamines
Does caffeine improve performance?
yes
Caffeine 100-200 mgs IV
Higher dose
similar feelings as cocaine
unpleasant sensations
Caffeine
tolerance
WD
Tolerance with repeated use
Can be severe peaks in 20-48 hours and can last a week
Is it possible to meet the requirements of substance abuse for caffeine?
yes
Caffeine average use how much and what drink
200+ mg daily
Coffee first and soda next
Problems with caffeine use
reproductive
prenatal
heart disease and cancer
high levels can alter chromosomes
Reduced blood flow to fetus lowering birth weight - 4+ cups increase SIDS
High caffeine intake
Caffeine effects on brain
unknown
Caffeinism
looks like anxiety neurosis
MAOI - name
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
MAOI - drugs
Naridil, Parnate, Ludiomil
TCA - name
Tricyclic antidepressents
TCA - drugs
Tofranil, Elavil, Norpramin, Aventyl, Adapin, Remeron
First generation antidepressants
MAOI
TCA
Second generation antidepressants
SSRI
SNRI
DARI
SSRI - name
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
SNRI- name
Selective norepiniphrine reuptake
DARI - name
Dopamine reuptake
SNRI - drugs
Manerex, Asendin, Desyrel
DARI - drugs
Wellbutrin, zyban
Depression definition
affective or mood disorder
is depression associated with schizophrenia?
maybe
Common cold of mental illness
depression
What percentage of people in the US are suffering from a mood disorder in a given 6 mo period and how many in their lives?
3%
6%
Depression
Gender more likely
what % seek help
How many work absences
cyclic with mania gender difference
women 2 times
20%
172 million/ day
bipolar no gender difference
Antidepressants -
admin
peak blood level
How long before effect
orally
4 hours
2 weeks
Which AD are metabolized slower than second generation AD's
Tricyclics
Most currently used AD drugs effect ________ in some way
Serotonin
MAOI's block destruction of
some toxins in food
Tyramine - pickled herring and cheese
Depression - bio causes
Monoamine theory
Serotonin
Monoamine theory of depression
Depression disrupts or is the result of disruption of the monoamine system resulting in lower level of MA neurotransmitters at the synapse
Serotonin theory of depression
Decreased activity in the serotonin system causes depression or leads to vulnerability to depression
TCA/SSRI
Max blood concentration
1-3
4-8
AD first pass metabolism
much of the first dose is destroyed by the digestive system
What inhibits first pass metabolism of AD's and what is the effect
Alcohol - bigger dose of AD than expected
AD's in system
barrier cross
concentrate in
half life
blood brain and placental (breast milk)
Lungs, kidneys, liver and brain
up to 75 days
Because of the half life of AD's what is it important to do
wean off of them
SSRI and kids
Work in children but side effects and effects on brain development are not known
TCA's in NS
block activity in the parasympathetic NS
dry mouth, constipation, dizziness, irregular HB, blurred vision, ringing in ears, uring retention, excessive sweating, and tremors
TCA blocking activity in the parasympathetic NS results in
SSRI effects in the body
nausea, headache, nervousness, insomnia
Serotonin syndrome
Cause
Acute increase in serotonin
disorientation, agitation, confusion, fever, shivering, diarrhea
Serotonin syndrome
effects
Serotonin syndrome happens when
doubling up different SSRI's or combining with psychomotor stimulants
TCA - sleep
Sleepiness
Crazy nightmares
Wellbutrin - sleep
Other AD's sleep
Increases REM
Decreases REM - improves depression
Prozac - cosmetic psychopharmacology
1990 said prozac could fix your personality
Some suggest that effects become less potent in a few months but not conclusive
Negative side effects lessen within a few weeks except for tiredness
AD - Tolerance
AD - Withdrawal
How
TCA
SSRI
Should be weaned off
Restlessness, anxiety, chills, compulsive body movements
Dizziness, insomnia, anxiety, nausea, quick onset severe depression/anger, irritability
AD - harmful effects
reproduction
teratogenic
miscarriage
affect ejaculation
no known but some new data says yes
2x's as likely to miscarry
AD - Harmful effects
voilence and suicide
Some reports but studies don't show this. may be due to 3rd variables
if combined with other drugs serotonin syndrome can lead to respiratory, circulatory and kidney failure
but none with SSRI's alone
SSRI - Overdose
3rd most common cause of drug related death
Heart failure
small ED-LD difference
TCA - Overdose
combining alcohol and heroin or methadone can cause death
AD overdose