Drugs And Behavior - Exam 1 - Questions

Front 1

What question do you as when evaluating drug use?

Back 1

Who? What? When? Where? Why? How? and How much?

Front 2

Is drug dependence a more or less precise term than addiction?

Back 2

More precise

Front 3

Is drug dependence physiological or psychological?

Back 3

It may be either one

Front 4

Are drugs good or bad?

Back 4

Neither, they are inanimate objects which may be used appropriately or inappropriately.

Front 5

Both the size and the quality of the drug's effect depend on _____.

Back 5

the amount the individual has taken.

Front 6

The effects of any psychoactive drug depend on the individual's ______.

Back 6

history and expectations

Front 7

What did the Monitoring the Future Project study?

Back 7

-The prevalence of drug use
-Attitudes about risk and availability

Front 8

How is the National Survey on Drug Use and Health conducted and how many people does it involve?

Back 8

-Face-to-face, computer-assisted interviews
-68,000 individuals; carefully sampled households across U.S.

Front 9

What age groups does the National Survey on Drug Use and Health look at and what is done with the results of the survey?

Back 9

-Studies different age groups which are carefully broken down and categorized
- Results are published annually

Front 10

Correlations of ___ and ___ are considered perfect.

Back 10

-1 and 1

Front 11

What does it mean for variables to be negatively correlated?

Back 11

The value for one increases while the value for the other decreases.

Front 12

What does it mean for variables to be positively correlated?

Back 12

The value for both variables increases.

Front 13

True/False: Correlation equals causation.

Back 13

False

Front 14

List four drug use correlates.

Back 14

-Age
-Gender
-Ethnicity
-Education Level

Front 15

True/False: Socioeconomic status does not correlate well to drug use.

Back 15

True

Front 16

Decide whether the following is a risk factor or a protective factor for drug use:

- Involvement in religious activities
- Antisocial/ problem behaviors
- Community, parental and peer attitudes and behavior
- Perceived risk of drug use
- Poor school performance

Back 16

Risk Factors:
- Community, parental...
- Antisocial/ problem behaviors
- Poor school performance
Protective Factors:
- Involvement in religious activities
- Perceived risk of drug use

Front 17

Identification with a _______ is a key motive for drug use.

Back 17

Deviant subculture

Front 18

______ and _____ influence what drugs are used.

Back 18

Fads, cultural trends

Front 19

True/False: Characteristics of drugs can reinforce their use.

Back 19

True

Front 20

The psychopharmacology movement began in the _____.

Back 20

1950's

Front 21

What was the most important event in the psychopharmachology movement?

Back 21

The introduction of antipsychotic drugs to treat schizophrenia.

Front 22

___________ contributed to the sexual revolution that began in the 50's and has not yet stabilized.

Back 22

Oral Contraceptives

Front 23

What are the two main traditions in psych?

Back 23

Experimental and Correlational

Front 24

How can we avoid problems associated with surveys?

Back 24

Collaterals and Immediate Reporting

Front 25

What is a Collateral?

Back 25

A person close to a drug user that the researcher contacts to find out about the drug users habits.

Front 26

The U.S. government changed from a _________ attitude in the 1800s to on of ________.

Back 26

Laissez-faire; control

Front 27

What are the three primary reasons for the changing government attitudes about drugs?

Back 27

- Toxicity
- Drug Dependence
- Crime

Front 28

What makes a drug toxic?

Back 28

- Amount used
- How it is used
- What the used did while on drugs

Front 29

What is physiological toxicity?

Back 29

The physical impact of the drug on the user

Front 30

What is behavioral toxicity?

Back 30

The effects of the drug that have an influence on other people around the user; things that the user does while under the influence

Front 31

What are acute effects?

Back 31

The immediate effects of the drug

Front 32

What are chronic effects?

Back 32

The long term effects of a drug.

Front 33

What is the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)?

Back 33

A survey system for collecting data on drug-related deaths and emergency room visits at some U.S. metropolitan hospitals

Front 34

What drugs does the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) monitor?

Back 34

- legal prescription drugs (improperly used
- over-the-counter drugs (improperly used)
- illicit drugs
- alcohol (only in combination with other drugs)

Front 35

What blood borne diseases do injecting users have to be concerned about?

Back 35

AIDS, HIV infection, and Hepatitis B and C

Front 36

______________ program attempts to stop the spread of blood borne diseases by making it easier for users to get clean needles.

Back 36

Syringe Exchange Programs

Front 37

True/ False: Regular drug users may build up a tolerance to the extent that their dosage would kill a novice user.

Back 37

True

Front 38

_________ is defined by the occurrence of a withdrawl symptom.

Back 38

Physical Dependence

Front 39

__________ typically precedes physical dependence.

Back 39

Tolerance

Front 40

Physical dependence means that the ______ is _______ to the _______'s presence.

Back 40

body;adapted;drug

Front 41

What three factors are present in someone who is psychologically dependent?

Back 41

- high rate of drug use
- craving for drug
- tendency to relapse after stopping use

Front 42

How did early medical models view addiction?

Back 42

- true addiction involves physical dependence
- key is treatment of withdrawl symptoms

Front 43

What does the positive reinforcement model state?

Back 43

Drugs can reinforce behavior without physical dependence

Front 44

_______________ is increasingly viewed as the driving force behind drug use.

Back 44

Psychological Dependence

Front 45

Theories on why drugs and crime are interrelated:
- Drugs may change _____.
- People ____ may commit crimes.
- Crimes may be carried out to __________.
- ________________.
- Drug use and crime are both related to _________.

Back 45

- a person's personality
- under the influence
- obtain money for drugs
- Drug use is a crime.
- antisocial behavior

Front 46

What is the current U.S. approach to fighting drug abuse?

Back 46

Preventing access to drugs and the initiation of their use.

Front 47

In 1971, ____________ was the first president to declare a "war on drugs".

Back 47

Richard Nixon

Front 48

True/False: The 70's were an era of strict drug policies.

Back 48

False

Front 49

In the 70's the drinking age was ________ in many states.

Back 49

Lowered

Front 50

In the 70's, many states lowered the penalties for the possession of what drug?

Back 50

Marijuana

Front 51

In the 80's and 90's penalties for violating drug laws ________.

Back 51

increased and broadened

Front 52

In the 80's and 90's the drinking age _________ to ___ again.

Back 52

increased; 21

Front 53

Rates of use for most substances are highest in the ________ group.

Back 53

18-25

Front 54

_________ are more likely than _________ to use alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine.

Back 54

Males, Females

Front 55

Those with ___________ are less likely to use tobacco or marijuana than those with ______________.

Back 55

College degrees; high school diplomas

Front 56

More __________ use than ________, hispanics or ___________.

Back 56

Whites, Blacks, Asians

Front 57

Government spends more than _____ dollars each year trying to control drug sale and use.

Back 57

12 billion

Front 58

_________ arrests are made each year for violating controlled substance laws.

Back 58

1.5 million

Front 59

What is the range of rate of HIV, Hep B and Hep C among injecting users according to a study of 6 U.S. cities?

Back 59

HIV: 3-30%
Hep B: 50-80%
Hep C: 66-93%

Front 60

Rates of blood borne diseases among injecting users ________ with age.

Back 60

increase

Front 61

An individual drug user may inject _________ times per year. Several states and cities have made ________________ laws which make it illegal to obtain _____________ without a prescription. Shortage of new clean __________ in creases the likelihood that _______________.

Back 61

1000; drug paraphernalia laws; syringes/needles; needles; users will share needles

Front 62

True/False: Syringe exchange programs are federally funded.

Back 62

False

Front 63

Describe the idea of biological dependence.

Back 63

Drug use or other pleasurable activity spurs dopamine activity in the brain which reinforces the behavior

Front 64

What is the one personality trait that has been frequently associated with early substance use and abuse?

Back 64

"Sensation-seeking"

Front 65

A study of U.S. homicide cases found that every year about ____% are considered to be drug-related. Alcohol use is associated with ____ or more of all murders.

Back 65

5; 1/2

Front 66

In 1938, the law changed to require manufacturers to submit a _______________ to the ____.

Back 66

"New Drug Application" (NDA); FDA

Front 67

In 1875 an ordinance was passed in __________ it was the first law passed that forbade _________ smoking.

Back 67

San Francisco; opium

Front 68

In 1890, a Federal Act was passed that only permitted ____________ to import __________ or to manufacture smoking ________ in the U.S.

Back 68

American citizens; opium; opium

Front 69

Pure _________ became available in the mid-1800's and use increased over time.

Back 69

Cocaine

Front 70

1906 - Upton Sinclair wrote ________ exposing the __________ industries unsanitary conditions. Five months later the _____________ passed.

Back 70

The Jungle; meat-packing; Pure Food and Drugs Act

Front 71

____________ = the father of American narcotics law

Back 71

Dr. Hamilton Wright

Front 72

Now, the FDA enters the picture only when a drug company is ready to ______________.

Back 72

begin testing on humans

Front 73

From 1994-2003, the _____ approved an average of _____ new drugs per year.

Back 73

FDA; 32

Front 74

What did the Harrison Act of 1914 require?

Back 74

It required everyone who traded in drugs to register and pay a tax.

Front 75

True/ False: There has always been a legal requirement for medication to be safe.

Back 75

False

Front 76

What effect did the Jones-Miller Act have?

Back 76

- Prohibited importation of opium for heroin
- Possession of opium became officially illegal

Front 77

What did the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act do?

Back 77

- Replaced or updated all previous laws
- Drugs controlled by act are under federal jurisdiction
- Switched the goal to direct control of drugs rather than control through taxation

Front 78

In the 1970's and 80's _________ came from ___________. It was flown into the U.S. through the Bahamas until 1983. ___________ was a famous ___________ drug lord. He was elected to a major ______________ office in 1982. ____% of __________ in the U.S. in the 1980's came from _______s' cartel.

Back 78

Cocaine; Columbia; Pablo Escobar; Colombian; Colombian congressional; 74; cocaine; Escobar

Front 79

In 1973 the __________ was created.

Back 79

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

Front 80

In 1985 ________ becomes popular in NYC.

Back 80

Crack

Front 81

In 1989, George Bush create the ______________.

Back 81

Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)

Front 82

In 1996 the ___________ Act is passed.

Back 82

Comprehensive Meth Control