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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pharmacodynamics
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Mechanisms by which drugs have their biochemical and physiological effecs
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Pharmacokinetics
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Processes involved in absorbing, distributing, biotransforming, and eliminating drugs
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Intended responses
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reason for using the drug
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Unintended responses
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side effects
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Side effects of morphine (unintended responses)
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Pain relief (intended effect). Nausea, constipation. Nausea effects habituate, but the constipation is a chronic problem
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Other common side effects of drugs
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Nausea or vomiting, changes in mental alertness, psychological dependence, physical dependence (withdrawal), allergic reactions
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stimulants
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speed up
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sedatives
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slow down
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Approx. how many people in the United States die each year because of adverse effects to prescription and nonprescription drugs?
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100,000 people
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The effect of a drug depends most fundamentally on what?
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1. Body size, 2. psychological set, 3. the amount of food in the stomach, 4. how much drug is taken (dose)
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The Dose-Effect curve
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A graph representing the change in drug effects at different doses
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Axis on the dose-effect curve
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Effect size is plotted on the vertical axis. Drug dose on the horizontal axis
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Biphasic drug effects
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The effect of a drug increases with dose up to a point, then decreases with further dose increases
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Heart rate
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A biphasic for both marijuana and alcohol
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Dose-effect curves
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Each effect of a particular drug has its own dose-effect curve. Thus, the shape of the dose-effect curve depends on the effect being measured
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Dose-effect curve terms: Slope
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The steepness of the dose-effect curve shows how much the dose increases before the effect gets larger
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Dose-effect curve terms: Efficacy
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The peak of the dose-response curve
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Dose-effect curve terms: Drug potency
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The minimum dose of a drug that produces its efficacy
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Effective dose (ED)
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The dose at which a given percentage of individuals show a particular effect of a drug
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Lethal dose (LD)
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The dose at which a given percentage of individuals die within a specific time
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ED50
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The dose at which the average individual experiences he effect
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LD50
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The dose at which the average individual dies
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Ratio of LD50/ED50
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The therapeutic index, a measure of the margin of safety of the drug
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Margin of safety
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When the difference in dose between the ED98 and LD1 is large (the drug is safe). When the difference in dose between ED98 and LD1 is small (the drug is not safe)
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Potency
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The amount of drug necessary to cause an effect
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Toxicity
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The capacity of a drug to do damage or cause adverse effects in the body
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Goal of drug companies (Prescription drugs)
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To create drugs with a broad margin of safety
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Margin of safety
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The difference between the doses necessary to cause the intended therapeutic effect and the toxic (unintended) effects
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Barbiturates (sleeping pills)
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low margin of safety, accidental overdose
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Benzodiazepines
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wider margin of safety, safer products
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Drug interactions
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If 2 or more drugs are in the body at the same time, they may interact
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Synergism or potentiation
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Occurs when the effects of two drugs taken together is greater than the effects of either drug taken alone
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Drug antagonism
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some drugs reduce some of the effects of another drug
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Amphetamines
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Antagonize the CNS depressant effects of alcohol, but do not antagonize alcohol's impairment of motor skills
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Importance of drug interactions
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Drug interactions may improve or interfere with medical care. Non-prescribed drugs may interact with prescription drugs to cause overdose death
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