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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what kind of differences for drug are between very young or very old?
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quantitative
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drug sensitivity in the very young results from?
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organ system immaturity
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drug sensitivity in elderly result largely from?
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organ system degeneration
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pediatrics cover all patients up to what age?
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16
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premature infants age
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less then 36 weeks' gestational age
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full term infants age
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36 - 40 weeks' gestational age
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neonates age
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first 4 weeks
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infants age
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weeks 5 to 52
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children age
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1 - 12 years
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adolescents age
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12-16 years
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Congress enacted two important laws in 2002 and 2003
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- Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act
- Pediatric Research Equality Act |
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laws enacted by Congress are design to?
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promote drug research in children
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the drugs studied to date shows that....
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about 20% were ineffective in children, even though they were effective in adults
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organs that are not fully developed are reason for? (drug therapy)
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for effects that are intense and prolonged
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when administrating drug intravenously levels of drugs... ?---> And result of it????
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decline more slowly in the infant then in the adult. --->drug levels in the infant remain above the minimum effective concentration (MEC) longer then in the adults ( prolonged effect!)
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when administrating drug subcutaneously levels of drugs... ?---> it causes????
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in the infants remain above the MEC longer than in the adult, levels rise higher, causing effect to be more intense as well as prolonged
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Reason for why infants have heightened sensitivity for drugs?
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immature state of five pharmacokinetics processes (thing body organs!)
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immature five pharmacokinetics processes
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- drug absorption
- protein binding - exclusion of drugs from CNS by the blood-brain barrier - hepatic drug metabolism - renal excretion |
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In early infancy gastric emptying time is (oral administration)
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prolonged and irregular
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by the age of 6 to 8 months gastric emptying (oral administration)
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reaches adult values
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gastric acidity reach adult values by age of? (oral administration)
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2
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because of low acidity absorption is?(oral administration)
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increased ( acidic drugs)
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- delayed gastric emptying time (absorption) (oral administration)
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- enhances absorption
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- drug absorption fro m intestine is?(oral administration)
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delayed
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Why the precise impact of absorption is not predicable?(oral administration)
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gastric emptying time is irregular
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IM injection - drug absorption in neonate is??
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slow and erratic
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IM injection slow rate in neonate is due to?
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low blood flow through muscle during the first days of postnatal life
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absorption rate of IM injection by early infancy???
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rapid than in neonates and ADULTS!!!
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percutaneous absorption is?
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greater than in older children and adults
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greater percutaneous absorption increases?
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rick of toxicity from topical drugs
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During infancy binding of drug to albumin and other plasma proteins is?
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limited
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reasons why during infancy binding of drug to albumin and other plasma proteins is limited
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- amount of albumin is low
- endogenous compounds (fatty acids, bilirubin) compete with drugs for available binding sites |
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when protein binding reaches adult levels?
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within 10 -12 months
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why drugs cross easily BBB?
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- brain is not fully developed at birth
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drug metabolizing capacity in newborns is? And because of that?
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low; neonates are sensitive to drug that are eliminated primarily by hepatic metabolism
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By what age complete maturation liver happens?
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1 year
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By what age complete maturation of renal excretion happens?
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1year
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when renal drug excretion is reduced?
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at birth
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body systems that have low secretion during infancy? (think excretion)
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- renal blood flow
- glomerular filtration - active tubular secretion |
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difference between metabolizing and excretion drugs between kiddos and adult?
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kiddos metabolize drugs FASTER!!!!
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when the kiddos reach metabolizing values of adults?
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puberty
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dosage formula
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body surface area multiplied by adult dose over 1.73m(square)
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promoting adherence:
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- dosage size and timing
- route and technique of administration -duration of treatment -storage of drug - desired outcome -adverse responses |
