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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The first patent for a live organism was issued for
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a bacterium able to metabolize components of crude oil.
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The suppreme court case Diamond vs Chakrabarty establishes that
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Life is patentable
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In 2010 , a federal Judge invalidated seven patents related to eh BRCA1 and BRCA 2 genes. The legal rational for the summary judgement was that
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DNA is inherently, information and thus not patentable
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The most common factor associated with the pharmacogenetic variation in an individuals response to a drug is
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genetic variation in enzymes that metabolize dugs
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Mechanisms by which genetic variation can alter pharmacodynamics include which of the following
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alterations in receptor protein quantity
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Human insulin produced by genetically engineered bacteria
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is exactly the same as insulin produced by normal humans
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What is recombinant DNA
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DNA made from different sources
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Which of the following is principal rule for a successful vaccine
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It must contain an antigen that will provide protection but not cause the disease.
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How does the secondary immune response differ from the primary response.
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The secondary response is faster than the primary responds.
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding gene therapy.
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Gene therapy is widely used in Europe with great success.
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Killed virus particle is injected into patient population. The patients immune system then learns how to make antibodies against the virus, providing protection against future infections. This therapeutic would best be classified as,
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Vaccine
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A gene that codes for a particular protein is inserted into a yeast cells and expressed. This protein is then purified, packaged, and sold as a drug to treat cancer. This therapeutic would best be classified as
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recombinant protein
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Stem cells which can form serveral, but not all, types of cells and tissues would best be classified as
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multipotent
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Acquired immunity can be gained either naturally or artificially and involves
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antiegen, antibodies, B cells and T cells
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An antibody is a
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protein
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Which of the following is derived from a XenoMouse
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human monoclonal antibodies
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The target of the monoclonal antibody drug Herceptin is which of the following
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Her2 protein
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Why are the non-immunized school age children often protected from vaccine-preventable diseases such as diphtheria, measles, and polio
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because the majority of children are immunized against these diseases (herd immunity)
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In a clinical trial, a three year old boy was treated for the immune disorder SCID using a modified retrovirus. The boys SCID was successfully treated but he later developed leukemia. What most likely caused it.
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The retrovirus inserted near a proto-onocgene.
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Which of the following is not a goal of personalized medicine
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Eliminating the need to take a patients medical history
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Which of the following mono clonal antibodies will be the most likely to induce human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA) if injected into a human
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mouse monoclonal antibody
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Somatic cells gene therapy could potentially correct a genetic defect in an
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Affected individual
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A goat can be made to produce milk containing the same proteins presented in the silk of a spider by incorporating genes from a spider into the goats genome. Which of the following reasons describes why this is possible
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The process of reading DNA (transcription) and manufacturing protein (translation) in the cell of the spider and goat are fundamentally similar and the goat's cells simply follow the instructions of the inserted gene
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All of the following statements about antibodies are true except
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antibodies bind with foreign cells and directly destroy them
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XenoMouse transgenic technology would be most useful for making
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a human antibody
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SNP are
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-Place where the DNA of individuals differs by a single genetic letter
-Important because they may act as markers indicating how an individual may responds] to a drug -changes in DNA that may be patentable |
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Gene therapy could best be described as
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modifying the genetic code of a person
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BRCA1 is associated with which cancer
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breast cancer
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The expiration of a patent for a drug would have the following economic effects on a firm which owned the patent
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The company that owned the drug can still make it and sell the drug under its trade mark but will face competition from generics
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How does acetaminophen (Tylenol) cause toxicity in overdoes
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acetaminophen is metabolized to a toxic metabolite
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How might new biological technologies such as the gene chip specifically improve during monitoring for safety
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biological advances allow for earlier and more accurate prediction of potential toxicities associated with new drugs
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Which of the following statements regarding genetic variation in the CYP-2D6 enzymes is correction.
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Different ethnic groups have different frequencies of both the poor metaboizers and the ultra rapid metabolizers CYP-2D6 pheotype
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Some components in food (eg grapefruit juice) inhibit one of the major CYP enzymes that metabolize many drugs. This inhibition would result in the following out come.
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Parent drug concentration of drugs metabolized by this enzyme are increased due to the inhibition of the enzyme.
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DNA micro arrays (gene chip)
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-consist of a lawn of DNA molecules (probes) attached to a chip
- Capitalize on DNA complementary base-pairing - Allow scientist to study complex diseases by identifying what genes are expressed in a certain disease tissue -may help personalize medicines and improve the safety of existing drugs on the market |
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Sarafen is
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Chemically the same Prozac
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Which of the following is not required in order to get a drug approved for sale in the United States
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demonstrate the drug is safe under all circumstances
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Cancer is more common in older people because
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They have accumulated more mutations
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HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. In the mid 1990s researches discovered an enzyme in HIV called protease. Once the enzymes structure was known, researches began looking for drugs that would fit into the active site and block it. This strategy is called
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antagonist
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Which of the following methods of drugs discovery requires knowledge of 3D proteins
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Rational drug design
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Regulatory authorities do not require clinical trails for
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approval of generic drugs
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Help seeking drug advertisement
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Ads that describe a disease or condition but do not recommend or suggest a drug treatment
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The Innate Immune system
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a general response to anything other than recognized “self cells”
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The Adaptive Immune System
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a specific counter-assault against a “known foreign” invader
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T cells
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distinguished from other lymphocytes and cell-mediated immune response
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B cells
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make antibodies against antigens
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Antibody
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a protein produced by the human immune system to tag invasive microbes for destruction
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Antigen
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any molecule/protein that our immune system recognizes as “not self.”
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How do vaccines
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-vaccines contain antigens
-produce a primary immune response -increased numbers of T and B memory cells -secondary immune response is triggered |
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Inactivated vaccines
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killed virus, Polio, plague
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Attenuated vaccines
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live virus but genetically engineered not to replicate in host, Flu vaccine, measles
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Subunit vaccines
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portion of infectious agent that elicits good antibody response (usually a protein) , hepatitis B virus protein
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Cancer occurs when
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the mechanisms that control cell division fail, and body cells divide out of control.
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Cytotoxic T-cells can recognize cells that grow uncontrollably and destroy them but
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if division is too rapid, the T-cells cannot keep up.
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The immune system can distinguish cancer cells from normal cells because
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-Are larger than normal cells
-Reproduce faster than normal cells -Express unique proteins not found on normal cells -Express very high levels of proteins found on normal cells |
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Monoclonal
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Individual B cell
is cloned and cultured. Secreted antibodies are collected from culture media |
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problem with mAbs (Monoclonal antibodies) from mice
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-antibodies are "seen" by the human immune system are foreign
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what is HAMA
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human anti-mouse antibodies
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Production of Transgenic Mice
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Inject mutant gene into one of the pronuclei of the fertilized mouse oocyte
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XenoMouse
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-Mouse antibody genes inactivated
-Human antibody genes introduced -generates fully human antibodies |
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Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)
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-cause for breast cancer, HER2 is an important therapeutic target
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Trastuzumab: targeting HER2
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-Recombinant humanised monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of HER2
-Inhibition of cell proliferation by preventing HER2-activated intracellular signalling |
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Radioactivity
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process by which some atoms emit energy and particles
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Cancer Therapy Using Radiation
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Emitted radiation is highly energetic, can damage biological molecules, produce free radicals, and damage DNA. lead to cell death
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Monoclonal antibodies which deliver a toxin to
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malignant cell
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DNA --> RNA--> Protein
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DNA (transcription) -->RNA (translation) --> protein
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Thee categories of genetic disorders
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-Single gene disorders (sickle)
-Chromosome disorders (downs) - Multifactorial inheritance (Heart disease and Alzheimer's disease ) |
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Pharmacogenomics
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personalized medicine
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difference between a SNP and a mutation
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None, SNPs and mutations are just a sign of variance, constant mutation rate with evolutionary consequences
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Chakrabarty
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biology-based solution for cleaning up toxic spills using the generically engineered Pseudomonas
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Definition of Stem cells
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self-renewing cells that are also capable of differentiating into more specialized cells
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Types of stem cells
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-Pluripoetent cells: after 4 days, embryonic stem cells, able to become almost any cell
-multipotential cells: found in most tissue, form into a limited range of cells -Unipotential cells: only capable of generating one type of cells |
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Somatic Cell
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BODY CELL, not a germ cell or a stem cell
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Potency
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Measure of Conc of a drug at which its effective
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efficacy
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measure max responds
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Tumor Stages
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1) Confined to organ
2) Invade adjacent tissue 3)lymph nodes 4) distant organ |
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Dose Responds curve
-threashold -ED50 -Ceiling |
threashold-noticable affect
ED50 - 50% efficacious Ceiling- lowest does max responds |
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Pharmacokinetic
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Body does to drug
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Pharmacodynamics
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Drug effects body
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Clinical Trial phase
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1)Safety
2)Efficacy, find dose 3) Show it works compare theurapies |
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Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
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Which of the following laws established that drugs should be accurately labeled with contents and dosage
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Kefauver Harris Amendment (1962)
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Attempted to ensure the safety and effectiveness of all new drugs introduced to the market
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